Veneroso, C. C., Siegel, R., & Levine, P. H. (2008). Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer. Cancer detection and prevention, 32(3), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdp.2008.04.001
Veneroso CC, Siegel R, Levine PH. Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32(3):215-223. doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2008.04.001
Veneroso, Carmela C., et al. "Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer." Cancer detection and prevention, vol. 32, no. 3, 2008, pp. 215-223.
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The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Ross Hall 118, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
Many studies have investigated risk factors for developing breast cancer, but few have explored whether these risk factors are associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor. This case-case study examined the relationship between risk factors for breast cancer and the histological grade of the tumor at diagnosis, an important indicator of breast cancer aggressiveness.
Methods
We interviewed 215 breast cancer patients and obtained information on their demographics, reproductive history and hormone use. Grade of tumor was obtained from a review of the patients' pathological reports. The relationships between tumor aggressiveness (classified by tumor grade) and risk factors of interest were analyzed using multi-variable logistic regression. Maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio were obtained and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
Results
In multivariable analyses we found that when comparing women who had their first child before age 20 with those who had their first child age 20 and older, women who had their first child before age 20 had approximately a 3.2 increased odds of having a higher-grade tumor (OR=3.20; 95% CI=1.20, 8.49). Long-term use of oral contraceptives, measured in years of oral contraceptive use, was also positively associated with a higher-grade tumor (OR=1.12; 95% CI=1.03-1.23). In addition we found that younger age at diagnosis was a strong predictor of a higher-grade tumor, with a 4% increased odds of having a higher-grade tumor for each year younger (OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.93-0.995).
Conclusions
Early age at first birth, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and younger age at diagnosis were associated with advanced tumor grade.
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in western countries. A number of risk factors are now known, but the etiology of the disease is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of reproductive, anthropometric and environmental factors on cancer onset. 934 women who developed a non-hereditary breast cancer were recruited from different hospitals in the Auvergne region (France) and completed a questionnaire. The use of oral contraceptives (OC) increased the risk of early cancer development (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval = 1.38-2.44). The age at first OC use appeared to be a major factor since the risk decreased when OC use was after the age of 23 years (odds ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.34-0.79). A duration of breast-feeding greater than 26 weeks decreased the risk of early cancer development (odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval = 0.39-0.97). No overall association was found with anthropometric or lifestyle factors and early age at breast cancer onset. OC use, age at first OC use and lactation were significantly associated with an early age at breast cancer onset. Thus, a number of "risk factors" could be considered as "early onset risk factors".
Ma H et al., 2006·Breast Cancer Res·Free full text on PubMed Central
It has been suggested that hormonal risk factors act predominantly on estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-positive breast cancers. However, the data have been inconsistent, especially in younger women. We evaluated the impact of age at menarche, pregnancy history, duration of breastfeeding, body mass index, combined oral contraceptive use, and alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk by ER/PR status in 1,725 population-based case patients and 440 control subjects aged 20 to 49 years identified within neighborhoods of case patients. We used multivariable unconditional logistic regression methods to conduct case-control comparisons overall as well as by
Clinical, animal, and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that cancer is a hormonally mediated disease and several factors that influence hormonal status or are markers of change in hormonal status have been shown to be associated with the risk of breast cancer. To identify the association of various reproductive factors with breast cancer. SETTINGS AND A hospital-based, matched, case-control study. Three hundred and twenty newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and three hundred and twenty normal healthy individuals constituted the study population. The subjects in the control group were matched individually with the cases for their age ± 2 years and socioeconomic status. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was administered to each individual to collect information on identification data, socio-demographic profile, and reproductive factors. The Chi-square test and unpaired t-test were used. The conditional univariate logistic regression analysis (unadjusted odds ratio and confidence intervals) was used to calculate the significance level of each variable followed by multivariate regression analysis. The cases had a lower mean age at menarche, higher age at marriage, higher mean age at last child birth, lower mean duration of breastfeeding, higher number of abortions, late age at menopause, history of oral contraceptive pills, and a family history of breast cancer as compared to the controls. The results of the present study revealed a strong association of reproductive factors with breast cancer in the Indian population.
Maurya AP et al., 2023·Indian J Cancer·Free to read
The incidence of breast cancer in India has seen a rapid increase in recent years. Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for breast cancer have been affected by socioeconomic development. Studies on breast cancer risk factors in India are limited by the small sample size and specific geographical area. The current systematic review was carried out to assess the association of hormonal and reproductive risk factors with breast cancer in Indian women. A systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews were done. Relevant case-control studies published in peer-reviewed indexed journals were analyzed for hormonal risk factors such as age at menarche, menopause, and first childbirth; breastfeeding; abortion; and oral contraceptive pills use. Younger age (<13 years) at menarche was associated with high risk (odds ratio 1.23-3.72). Other hormonal risk factors with strong association were age at first childbirth and menopause, parity, and duration of breastfeeding. Abortion and the use of contraceptive pills did not have a clear association with breast cancer. Hormonal risk factors have a higher association in premenopausal disease and estrogen receptor-positive tumors. There is a strong association between hormonal and reproductive risk factors and breast cancer in Indian women. The protective effect of breastfeeding is related to the cumulative duration of breastfeeding.
General Gynecology › Breast Health › Breast Cancer Risk
Carmela Veneroso, Paul H Levine
C Veneroso, P Levine
PMID 18789610 18789610 DOI 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.04.001 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.04.001 Veneroso et al. 2008, Veneroso 2008
Cite this article
Veneroso, C. C., Siegel, R., & Levine, P. H. (2008). Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer. Cancer detection and prevention, 32(3), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdp.2008.04.001
Veneroso CC, Siegel R, Levine PH. Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32(3):215-223. doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2008.04.001
Veneroso, Carmela C., et al. "Early age at first childbirth associated with advanced tumor grade in breast cancer." Cancer detection and prevention, vol. 32, no. 3, 2008, pp. 215-223.
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