Delort, L., Kwiatkowski, F., Chalabi, N., Satih, S., Bignon, Y., & Bernard-Gallon, D. (2007). Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset--the "COSA program" population-based study. Anticancer research, 27(2), 1087-1094.
Delort L, Kwiatkowski F, Chalabi N, Satih S, Bignon Y, Bernard-Gallon D. Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset--the "COSA program" population-based study. Anticancer Res. 2007;27(2):1087-1094.
Delort, Laetitia, et al. "Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset--the "COSA program" population-based study." Anticancer research, vol. 27, no. 2, 2007, pp. 1087-1094.
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Abstract
Background
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in western countries. A number of risk factors are now known, but the etiology of the disease is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of reproductive, anthropometric and environmental factors on cancer onset.
Patients and Methods
934 women who developed a non-hereditary breast cancer were recruited from different hospitals in the Auvergne region (France) and completed a questionnaire.
Results
The use of oral contraceptives (OC) increased the risk of early cancer development (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval = 1.38-2.44). The age at first OC use appeared to be a major factor since the risk decreased when OC use was after the age of 23 years (odds ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.34-0.79). A duration of breast-feeding greater than 26 weeks decreased the risk of early cancer development (odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval = 0.39-0.97). No overall association was found with anthropometric or lifestyle factors and early age at breast cancer onset.
Conclusion
OC use, age at first OC use and lactation were significantly associated with an early age at breast cancer onset. Thus, a number of "risk factors" could be considered as "early onset risk factors".
Kasia JM et al., 1997·European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology
OBJECTIVE(S): To study the fertility results after laparoscopic distal tuboplasty and compare them with the data in the literature. 194 laparoscopic distal tuboplasties were carried out from May 1992 to May 1994 in the Yaounde General Hospital (Cameroon). The results were analysed according to the age of the patients, the type and duration of infertility, past history of abortion, laparotomy and Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the tube and adhesion scores, surgical procedures and achievement of pregnancy. The fertility rates were calculated according to Cramer's method [11]. The cumulative pregnancy rate curves were drawn up from the life table [12] and compared using the Log-Rank test. 53 patients obtained pregnancy (27.3%) of which 45 were inter-uterine (23.2%) and 8 ectopic (4.1%). Of the 45 intra-uterine pregnancies (IUP), 36 were obtained after fimbrioplasty (33.3%) and 9 after neosalpingostomy (10.5%). The monthly fertility rate at one year was 1.4%. The rate of IUP for tube stages I and II is significantly higher than that for stages III and IV (p<0.001). However the rate of ectopic pregnancies (EP) is proportional to damage to the tubes. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, and residual inflammation could have an effect on the achievement of pregnancy. CONCLUSION(S): Our results are similar to those found in the literature. The tube stage thus remains the decisive factor in terms of fertility (Cox: p<0.001). Operative laparoscopy is the best alternative in our countries compared with laparotomy for distal tubal pathology.
Liu H et al., 2022·Transl Cancer Res·Free full text on PubMed Central
The aim of the present study was to explore the risk factors and protective factors related to breast cancer onset in women, but there is still a big debate in this respect. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically review the risk factors induced by breast cancer by using meta methods to guide clinical prevention and treatment. Studies on factors related to breast cancer onset in Chinese women were retrieved from articles from Chinese, international databases published and organizations and websites, and registers from January 2014 to January 2021. Articles were independently screened, extracted, and evaluated for quality by 2 researchers. The Cochrane Collaboration Center provided Review Manger 5.2 software [Cochrane Information Management System (IMS)] for statistical analysis, and the risk ratio of dichotic variables was adopted. History of benign breast disease [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-1.12, P=0.42], family history of breast cancer (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.83-2.23, P<0.00001), menopause onset >50 years of age (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.62-1.95, P<0.00001), and use of oral contraceptives (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.32, P=0.02) were found to be breast cancer risk factors. The number of term pregnancies (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.97, P=0.03) and breastfeeding (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74-0.96, P=0.01) were found to be protective factors for breast cancer. In order to control the occurrence of breast cancer, effective measures should be taken to effectively avoid related risk factors, and breastfeeding and high-risk population screening should be advocated.
Many studies have investigated risk factors for developing breast cancer, but few have explored whether these risk factors are associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor. This case-case study examined the relationship between risk factors for breast cancer and the histological grade of the tumor at diagnosis, an important indicator of breast cancer aggressiveness. We interviewed 215 breast cancer patients and obtained information on their demographics, reproductive history and hormone use. Grade of tumor was obtained from a review of the patients' pathological reports. The relationships between tumor aggressiveness (classified by tumor grade) and risk factors of interest were analyzed using multi-variable logistic regression. Maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio were obtained and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. In multivariable analyses we found that when comparing women who had their first child before age 20 with those who had their first child age 20 and older, women who had their first child before age 20 had approximately a 3.2 increased odds of having a higher-grade tumor (OR=3.20; 95% CI=1.20, 8.49). Long-term use of oral contraceptives, measured in years of oral contraceptive use, was also positively associated with a higher-grade tumor (OR=1.12; 95% CI=1.03-1.23). In addition we found that younger age at diagnosis was a strong predictor of a higher-grade tumor, with a 4% increased odds of having a higher-grade tumor for each year younger (OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.93-0.995). Early age at first birth, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and younger age at diagnosis were associated with advanced tumor grade.
Kotsopoulos J et al., 2014·Breast Cancer Res Treat
It is not clear if early oral contraceptive use increases the risk of breast cancer among young women with a breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) mutation. Given the benefit of oral contraceptives for the prevention of ovarian cancer, estimating age-specific risk ratios for oral contraceptive use and breast cancer is important. We conducted a case-control study of 2,492 matched pairs of women with a deleterious BRCA1 mutation. Breast cancer cases and unaffected controls were matched on year of birth and country of residence. Detailed information about oral contraceptive use was collected from a routinely administered questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the association between oral contraceptive and breast cancer, by age at first use and by age at diagnosis. Among BRCA1 mutation carriers, oral contraceptive use was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer for women who started the pill prior to age 20 (OR 1.45; 95 % CI 1.20-1.75; P = 0.0001) and possibly between ages 20 and 25 as well (OR 1.19; 95 % CI 0.99-1.42; P = 0.06). The effect was limited to breast cancers diagnosed before age 40 (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.14-1.70; P = 0.001); the risk of early-onset breast cancer increased by 11 % with each additional year of pill use when initiated prior to age 20 (OR 1.11; 95 % CI 1.03-1.20; P = 0.008). There was no observed increase for women diagnosed at or after the age of 40 (OR 0.97; 95 % CI 0.79-1.20; P = 0.81). Oral contraceptive use before age 25 increases the risk of early-onset breast cancer among women with a BRCA1 mutation and the risk increases with duration of use. Caution should be taken when advising women with a BRCA1 mutation to take an oral contraceptive prior to age 25.
Oral contraceptive (OC) use in young women has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This matched case-control study aims to elucidate the combined effects of OC use and genetic factors in a population-based series of BRCA1/2 mutation-tested early-onset breast cancers. A first invasive breast cancer was diagnosed in 259 women aged 40 years between 1990 and 1995 in the South Swedish Health Care Region. A total of 245 women were included in this study. Information on family history of cancer, reproductive factors, smoking and OC use was obtained from questionnaires or patient charts. Three age-matched controls per case were chosen from a prospective South Swedish cohort. Ever OC use and current OC use were not associated with breast cancer. Cases were more likely to have used OCs before age 20 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.10 (95% CI 1.32-3.33)) and before their first child (adjusted OR 1.63 (95% CI 1.02-2.62)). When stratified by age, the effect of early OC use was limited to women diagnosed prior to age 36 years (OR 1.53 (1.17-1.99) per year of OC use prior to age 20 years). The risks were similar for low-dose and high-dose OCs. The probability of being a BRCA1/2 mutation carrier was three times higher among cases who started OC use prior to age 20 years compared with cases who started at age 20 years or older or who had never used OCs. However, the duration of OC use was similar among cases with and without BRCA1/2 mutations. No association was seen with a first-degree family history of breast cancer. Each year of OC use prior to age 20 years conferred a significantly increased risk for early-onset breast cancer, while there was no risk associated with use after age 20 years.
General Gynecology › Breast Health › Breast Cancer Risk
PMID 17465248 17465248 Delort et al. 2007, Delort 2007
Cite this article
Delort, L., Kwiatkowski, F., Chalabi, N., Satih, S., Bignon, Y., & Bernard-Gallon, D. (2007). Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset--the "COSA program" population-based study. Anticancer research, 27(2), 1087-1094.
Delort L, Kwiatkowski F, Chalabi N, Satih S, Bignon Y, Bernard-Gallon D. Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset--the "COSA program" population-based study. Anticancer Res. 2007;27(2):1087-1094.
Delort, Laetitia, et al. "Risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset--the "COSA program" population-based study." Anticancer research, vol. 27, no. 2, 2007, pp. 1087-1094.