Norwitz, E. R., Schust, D. J., & Fisher, S. J. (2001). Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(19), 1400-1408. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra000763
Norwitz ER, Schust DJ, Fisher SJ. Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1400-1408. doi:10.1056/NEJMra000763
Norwitz, Errol R., et al. "Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy." The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 345, no. 19, 2001, pp. 1400-1408.
The implantation of fertilized ova and the formation of the placenta are crucial steps in reproduction. This review summarizes current information about these steps, including some of the molecular mechanisms that mediate them and how they may go awry, with consequent loss of the pregnancy.
Miscarriage affects approximately 15% of clinically confirmed pregnancies. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as two or more clinical losses, affects 2 to 5% of couples. Most causes are diagnosable and treatable. This guide covers what the standard workup misses, what RRM-trained clinicians evaluate, and what outcomes look like after cause-based treatment.
