maternal progestins hypospadias risk, progesterone exposure pregnancy genital anomalies, hypospadias increasing incidence birth defects, progestin use pregnancy urogenital malformations, Aarskog hypospadias progestins, hormonal exposure fetal development male genitalia, birth defect monitoring hypospadias prevalence, exogenous progestins congenital anomalies, prenatal hormone exposure urogenital system anomalies, drug safety pregnancy progestational agents
Keywords
Abortion, Threatened/drug Therapy, Contraceptives, Oral/adverse Effects, Estrogens/adverse Effects, Female, Fetus/drug Effects, Genitalia, Female/embryology, Genitalia, Male/embryology, Gestational Age, Humans, Hypospadias/chemically Induced/embryology, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Tests/adverse Effects, Progestins/adverse Effects, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Urethra/embryology, Contraceptives, Oral, Estrogens, Progestins