Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is approved for use in a number of conditions that may occur in obstetrical patients, including autoimmune thrombocytopenia and immune deficiency syndromes. IVIG also is widely used in obstetrics for nonapproved indications, such as fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, antiphospholipid syndrome, and recurrent miscarriage. This review critically analyzes the use of IVIG for these indications based on the best available information. The authors conclude IVIG is effective in the management of fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. IVIG appears promising as a treatment for severe fetal-neonatal alloimmune hemolysis due to antierythrocyte antibodies. A prospective multicenter trial should be undertaken. IVIG is no more effective than heparin and low-dose aspirin in the treatment of pregnancies complicated by antiphospholipid syndrome but has not been adequately evaluated in refractory cases. Finally, pending convincing studies, IVIG is not effective and should not be used for the management of recurrent miscarriage.
PMID 11586281 11586281 DOI 10.1067/mai.2001.117821 10.1067/mai.2001.117821 Branch et al. 2001, Branch 2001
Cite this article
Branch, D. W., Porter, T. F., Paidas, M. J., Belfort, M. A., & Gonik, B. (2001). Obstetric uses of intravenous immunoglobulin: successes, failures, and promises. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 108(4 Suppl), S133-S138. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.117821
Branch DW, Porter TF, Paidas MJ, Belfort MA, Gonik B. Obstetric uses of intravenous immunoglobulin: successes, failures, and promises. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(4 Suppl):S133-S138. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.117821
Branch, David W., et al. "Obstetric uses of intravenous immunoglobulin: successes, failures, and promises." The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, vol. 108, no. 4 Suppl, 2001, pp. S133-S138.
genetics-and-immunology/reproductive-immunology/implantation-immunologyinfertility/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/immune-and-thrombophilia-factorspregnancy/pregnancy-complications/intrauterine-infection
Open Access
Garmendia JV et al., 2025·International journal of molecular sciences
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 24 weeks of gestation. It affects 3-5% of women who are attempting to conceive. RPL can stem from a variety of causes and is frequently associated with psychological distress and a diminished quality of life. By contrast, recurrent implantation failure (RIF) refers to the inability to achieve a successful pregnancy after three or more high-quality embryo transfers or at least two instances of egg donation. RIF shares several causative factors with RPL. The immunological underpinnings of these conditions involve alterations in uterine NK cells, reductions in M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, an increased Th1/Th2 ratio, a decreased Treg/Th17 ratio, the presence of shared ≥3 HLA alleles between partners, and autoimmune disorders. Various therapeutic approaches have been employed to address these immunological concerns, achieving varying degrees of success, although some therapies remain contentious within the medical community. This review intends to explore the immunological factors implicated in RPL and RIF and to analyze the immunological treatments employed for these conditions, which may include steroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-TNF antibodies, intralipid infusions, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and lymphocyte immunotherapy.
therapeutics/anti-infective-and-anti-inflammatory-agents/immune-modulating-agentspregnancy/pregnancy-complications/hypertensive-disordersgenetics-and-immunology/reproductive-immunology/autoimmune-conditions-and-fertility
Open Access
What are the outcomes of pregnancies exposed to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and what factors predict the course of these pregnancies beyond the first trimester? In our cohort of pregnancies in women with a history of RPL exposed to HCQ early in pregnancy, we found that the only factor determining the success of these pregnancies was the number of previous miscarriages. Dysregulation of the maternal immune system plays a role in RPL. HCQ, with its dual immunomodulating and vascular protective effects, is a potential treatment for unexplained RPL. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, The FALCO (Facteurs de récidive précoce des fausses couches) registry is an ongoing French multicenter infertility registry established in 2017 that includes women (aged from 18 to 49 years) with a history of spontaneous RPL (at least three early miscarriages (≤12 weeks of gestation (WG)) recruited from several university hospitals. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, Spontaneous pregnancies enrolled in the FALCO registry with an exposure to HCQ (before conception or at the start of pregnancy) were included. Pregnancies concomitantly exposed to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-1 and -2 inhibitors, intravenous immunoglobulin, and/or intravenous intralipid infusion, were excluded. Concomitant treatment with low-dose aspirin (LDA), low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), progesterone, and/or prednisone was allowed. All patients underwent the recommended evaluations for investigating RPL. Those who became pregnant received obstetric care in accordance with French recommendations and were followed prospectively. The main endpoint was the occurrence of a pregnancy continuing beyond 12 WG, and the secondary endpoint was the occurrence of a live birth. MAIN One hundred pregnancies with HCQ exposure in 74 women were assessed. The mean age of the women was 34.2 years, and the median number of previous miscarriages was 5. Concomitant exposure was reported in 78 (78%) pregnancies for prednisone, 56 (56%) pregnancies for LDA, and 41 (41%) pregnancies for LMWH. Sixty-two (62%) pregnancies ended within 12 WG, the other 38 (38%) continuing beyond 12 WG. The risk of experiencing an additional early spontaneous miscarriage increased with the number of previous miscarriages, but not with age. The distributions of anomalies identified in RPL investigations and of exposure to other drugs were similar between pregnancies lasting ≤12 WG and those continuing beyond 12WG. The incidence of pregnancies progressing beyond 12 WG was not higher among pregnancies with at least one positive autoantibody (Ab) (i.e. antinuclear Ab titer ≥1:160, ≥1 positive conventional and/or non-conventional antiphospholipid Ab, and/or positive results for ≥1 antithyroid Ab) without diminished ovarian reserve (18/51, 35.3%) than among those without such autoantibody (18/45, 40.0%) (P = 0.63). Multivariate analysis showed that having ≤4 prior miscarriages was the only factor significantly predictive for achieving a pregnancy > 12 WG, after adjustment for age and duration of HCQ use prior to conception (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.13 [1.31-7.83], P = 0.01). LIMITATIONS, Our study has limitations, including the absence of a control group, incomplete data for the diagnostic procedure for RPL in some patients, and the unavailability of results from endometrial biopsies, as well as information about paternal age and behavioral factors. Consequently, not all potential confounding factors could be considered. Exposure to HCQ in early pregnancy for women with a history of RPL does not seem to prevent further miscarriages, suggesting limited impact on mechanisms related to the maternal immune system. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The research received no specific funding, and the authors declare no competing interests. clinicaltrial.gov NCT05557201.
Subchorionic hematoma (SCH) refers to the separation and bleeding of the chorion and decidua, resulting in the accumulation of blood between them. This review discusses the pathogenesis, etiology, and treatment of SCH including coagulation dysfunction, immune dysregulation, reproductive tract infections, assisted reproductive technology, and progesterone therapy.
therapeutics/anti-infective-and-anti-inflammatory-agents/immune-modulating-agentsgynecology/pelvic-pain/chronic-pelvic-painendometriosis/medical-management/pain-management
Open Access
A chronic, painful, and inflammatory condition known as endometriosis is defined by the extra-uterine development of endometrial tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of fisetin, a naturally occurring polyphenol that is frequently present in a variety of fruits and vegetables. Uterine fragments were injected intraperitoneally to cause endometriosis, and fisetin was given orally every day. At 14 days of treatment, laparotomy was performed, and the endometrial implants and peritoneal fluids were collected for histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. Rats subjected to endometriosis presented important macroscopic and microscopic changes, increased mast cell (MC) infiltration, and fibrosis. Fisetin treatment reduced endometriotic implant area, diameter, and volumes, as well as histological alterations, neutrophil infiltration, cytokines release, the number of MCs together with the expression of chymase and tryptase, and diminished α smooth muscle actin (α-sma) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF β) expressions. In addition, fisetin was able to reduce markers of oxidative stress as well as nitrotyrosine and Poly ADP ribose expressions and increase apoptosis in endometrial lesions. In conclusion, fisetin could represent a new therapeutic strategy to control endometriosis perhaps by targeting the MC-derived NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway and oxidative stress.