A case-control study of the epidemiology of preterm delivery was undertaken at Yale-New Haven Hospital in Connecticut during 1977. The study population consisted of 175 mothers of singleton preterm infants and 313 mothers of singleton term infants. Significant risk factors of a preterm delivery included low socioeconomic status; low pregravid weight; inadequate weight gain during the pregnancy; a previous preterm delivery; a history of infertility problems; an induced abortion terminating the previous pregnancy; vaginal spotting or light bleeding during the pregnancy; antepartum hemorrhage and abnormal placental implantation; lack of leisure-time physical activities during the pregnancy; alcohol consumption prior to the third trimester of pregnancy; and negative attitudinal expression toward the pregnancy.
PMID 7457481 7457481 DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113068 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113068
Cite this article
Berkowitz, G. S. (1981). An epidemiologic study of preterm delivery. American journal of epidemiology, 113(1), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113068
Berkowitz GS. An epidemiologic study of preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;113(1):81-92. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113068
Berkowitz, G. S. "An epidemiologic study of preterm delivery." American journal of epidemiology, vol. 113, no. 1, 1981, pp. 81-92.
Kusmiyati Y et al., 2019·Kesmas: National Public Health Journal
The use of long hormonal contraceptives can disrupt the balance of estrogen in the body, resulting in abnormal cell changes. This study aimed to determine a correlation between the duration of hormonal contraception and risk of cervical cancer. This study used a case-control design. The population were patients who had examined at a cancer installation and obstetrics-gynecology polyclinic Dr. Sardjito Hospital in 2018. Case samples were 95 women have cervical cancer diagnosis and control were 95 women with a negative pap smear. Sampling with random sampling. Dependent variable cervical cancer and independent variable the duration of hormonal contraception are obtained from medical records. Cervical cancer is assessed by doctor’s diagnosis. Data analysis used logistic regression. Results showed that 44.7% of samples used long-term hormonal contraception (over 5 years). Length of use of hormonal contraception had a significant correlation with the incidence of cervical cancer (p-value < 0.01). Hormonal contraceptive use more than 5 years have a risk 4.2 times (95% CI 1.01-5.69) of cervical cancer than using less than 5 years after being controlled with the first marriage age and parity
Contraception/ComparisonCancer RiskBreast Cancer Risk FactorsCase-Control Studies
Open Access
Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5% of the target population use them. Fear of increased cancer risk, particularly breast cancer, is one reason for this. Due to low OC uptake and low screening participation, a paucity of data is available on the risk of OC use and breast cancer in Japanese women. The present study investigated OC use and breast cancer risk, as well as menstrual, reproductive and family factors. This was a clinic-based case-control study of women aged 20-69yrs who had undergone breast screening between January 2007 and December 2013 in central Tokyo. In all, 28.8% of the participants had experience with OC use. Cases were 155 women with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer. Controls were the remaining 12,333 women. Increased age was a significant risk factor for breast cancer (p<0.001). A lower risk was found in premenopausal women presently taking OC compared to never users (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.90) after adjusting for age, parity and breast feeding, and a family history of breast cancer. Increased age rather than OC use had a greater effect on breast cancer risk. This risk may be decreased in premenopausal women with OC use, but further long-term prospective studies are necessary.
Contraception/ComparisonCervical Cancer RiskCervical CancerCase-Control Studies
To assess the risk of oral contraceptives on the occurrence of cervical cancer. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Sixty women patients with histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer and 180 healthy women as the control group who attended the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand were recruited. Information about the use of oral contraceptives and other cervical cancer risk factors were obtained from personal interviews. The risk factors were evaluated by using odds ratio (OR). 60 women with invasive cervical cancer and 180 healthy controls were interviewed by the investigators. Compared with non-users, patients who had ever used or currently used oral contraceptive had an increased risk of cervical cancer (OR 1.45; 95% CI 0.79-2.64). However the risk was not statistically significant. Considering the duration of use, patients who had used oral contraceptives for 3 years or less did not have an increased risk of cervical cancer (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.39-1.77). Nevertheless, the odds ratio of oral contraceptive pill use for more than 3 years was 2.57 (95% CI 1.22-5.49) which was statistically significant. Long-term use of oral contraceptive might be a cofactor that increases the risk of cervical carcinoma. Further investigations should be conducted to confirm this risk. However, Pap smear has to be done routinely in long-term oral pill users.
PostpartumPostpartum Depression Risk FactorsPredictors of Adverse OutcomesCase-Control Studies
To identify and test the predictive power of potential independent risk factors of postpartum depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the perinatal period. We conducted a case-control study where 132 women with postpartum depressive symptoms were selected as an index group and 264 women without depressive symptoms as a control group. Data related to sociodemographic status, medical, gynecologic, and obstetric history, pregnancy, and perinatal events were collected from standardized medical records. The strongest risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms were sick leave during pregnancy and a high number of visits to the antenatal care clinic. Complications during pregnancy, such as hyperemesis, premature contractions, and psychiatric disorder were more common in the postpartum depressed group of women. No association was found between parity, sociodemographic data, or mode of delivery and postpartum depressive symptoms. Women at risk for postpartum depression can be identified during pregnancy. The strongest risk factors, sick leave during pregnancy and many visits to the antenatal care clinic, are not etiologic and might be of either behavioral or biologic origin. The possibilities of genetic vulnerability and hormonal changes warrant further investigation to reach a more thorough understanding.