Plasma concentration of estrogen and progesterone were measured during the last 6 days of the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual tension, and compared with a group of healthy women. Those women with anxiety as the main symptom (PMT-a) had significantly higher estrogen levels on days 5-2 before the onset of menstruation. On days 6-4 they had lower levels of progesterone. Estrogen-progesterone ratios were significantly higher on days 6-3 before menstruation. The PMT-a group also showed increases in body wt. during the last days of the menstrual cycle.
estrogen progesterone ratio premenstrual tension syndrome, premenstrual anxiety PMT-A estrogen progesterone plasma levels, Bäckström Carstensen premenstrual tension hormones, high estrogen low progesterone premenstrual symptoms, estrogen-progesterone ratio late luteal phase PMS, premenstrual weight gain estrogen dominance, hormonal imbalance premenstrual syndrome progesterone deficiency, late menstrual cycle hormone levels premenstrual anxiety, plasma estrogen progesterone measurement PMS etiology, premenstrual tension hormonal basis estrogen excess
PMID 4859320 4859320 DOI 10.1016/0022-4731(74)90139-3 10.1016/0022-4731(74)90139-3 Carstensen et al. 1974, Carstensen 1974
Cite this article
Bäckström, T., & Carstensen, H. (1974). Estrogen and progesterone in plasma in relation to premenstrual tension. Journal of steroid biochemistry, 5(3), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(74)90139-3
Bäckström T, Carstensen H. Estrogen and progesterone in plasma in relation to premenstrual tension. J Steroid Biochem. 1974;5(3):257-260. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(74)90139-3
Bäckström, T., and H. Carstensen. "Estrogen and progesterone in plasma in relation to premenstrual tension." Journal of steroid biochemistry, vol. 5, no. 3, 1974, pp. 257-260.
Keywords
Analysis of Variance, Anxiety/blood/etiology, Body Weight, Estrogens/blood, Female, Humans, Menstruation, Premenstrual Syndrome/blood/complications, Progesterone/blood, Time Factors, Estrogens, Progesterone
Valenti M et al., 2026·Am J Obstet Gynecol·
Open Access
Endometriosis is a chronic, gynecologic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus implants throughout the body. Women with endometriosis have a higher prevalence of infertility and a greater risk of early natural menopause compared to those without endometriosis. This study aimed to evaluate preoperative serum AMH levels among women with and without incident endometriosis and to assess whether levels differ by surgical staging and typology. The ENDO (Endometriosis: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Outcomes) study was conducted between 2007 and 2009. The ENDO study consisted of an operative and population cohort (n=600). Only those in the ENDO operative cohort from the Utah site were used for this analysis, and included women aged 18 to 44 years who were scheduled for gynecologic surgery, irrespective of clinical indication (n=476). AMH levels were measured from stored serum collected before surgery using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After excluding participants with missing outcome data (n=51), unilateral oophorectomy (n=8), or those within the population cohort (n=69), 348 participants remained for the analysis. Surgically confirmed endometriosis diagnosis, staging (American Society for Reproductive Medicine I-IV), and typology (superficial, deep, ovarian) were ascertained by the operative report. Outliers for AMH (>14.0 ng/mL) were excluded from the analyses and AMH values were log-transformed. Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age (squared and continuous), body mass index, serum cotinine levels, and exogenous hormonal contraceptive use were conducted. Percentage differences in AMH were calculated as (exp[β]-1)×100, and 95% confidence intervals were reported. Compared with no endometriosis, incident endometriosis diagnosis was associated with lower AMH levels (-19.8%; 95% confidence interval, -37.0 to 1.0); however, this association was not statistically significant. Stage III to IV disease was associated with 40.1% lower AMH levels (95% confidence interval, -58.9 to -12.7). Ovarian endometriomas were most strongly associated with lower AMH levels (-54.3%; 95% confidence interval, -69.4 to -31.8), with a more pronounced association among those with infertility (-72.6%; 95% confidence interval, -85.4 to -48.5). Deep (-24.1%; 95% confidence interval, -48.2 to 11.0) and superficial (-15.5%; 95% confidence interval, -34.6 to 9.3) endometriosis also showed a trend toward lower AMH levels, but these findings were not statistically significant. Compared with a postoperative diagnosis of a normal pelvis, incident endometriosis was associated with 26.8% lower AMH levels (95% confidence interval, -44.6 to -3.4). Stage III to IV disease was associated with 47.8% lower AMH levels (95% confidence interval, -65.8 to -23.2), and all subtypes of endometriosis were statistically significantly associated with lower levels of AMH compared with a postoperative diagnosis of a normal pelvis (ovarian: -60.8%; 95% confidence interval, -74.4 to -39.9; deep: -34.3%; 95% confidence interval, -56.2 to -1.4; superficial: -24.8%; 95% confidence interval, -43.9 to -0.8). Ovarian and moderate to severe (stage III-IV) endometriosis were associated with markedly lower AMH levels compared with no endometriosis. Compared with a postoperative diagnosis of a normal pelvis, incident endometriosis and moderate to severe stages (stage III-IV) were associated with statistically significantly lower AMH levels. Additionally, typology (deep, ovarian, or superficial) was associated with statistically significantly lower AMH levels. However, this association was likely driven by the presence of ovarian endometriomas across all subtypes. These findings are consistent with previous studies and demonstrate that endometriosis lesions themselves, independent of surgical intervention, influence AMH levels.
Huang Y et al., 2024·Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)·
Open Access
Premature ovarian insufficiency/failure (POI/POF) is a significant issue for women of reproductive age. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a potential biomarker of ovarian reserve, but its clinical value in diagnosing and predicting POI/POF remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between AMH and basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in women aged 18 to 40 and evaluate AMH's predictive value for POI/POF. A total of 21,143 participants aged 18-40 who visited the gynecology department or underwent physical examinations at the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital in Shanghai, China, from July 2016 to June 2021 were enrolled. Demographic information and laboratory test results were collected, including age, FSH, AMH, E2 and test dates. Participants were grouped by FSH and AMH levels, and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between these hormones and age. The AMH level associated with POI risk was evaluated using restricted cubic splines (RCS) and logistic regression. Clinical benefit was assessed by decision curve analysis (DCA). Participants with higher FSH levels had significantly lower median AMH levels and vice versa(p<0.001). At AMH ≥ 0.5 ng/mL, FSH levels were normal or slightly elevated with age. At AMH level below 0.5ng/ml,basal FSH increased significantly with age. At FSH <10 IU/L, AMH levels show a trend of rising and then decreasing with age, reaching a peak at approximately 25 years old and gradually decreasing with age. At FSH ≥10 IU/L, AMH levels show a gradual downward trend with age, and at FSH >40 IU/L, AMH levels remain very low to undetectable values. The RCS showed that the risk of POI/POF in the overall population sharply increased until serum AMH reached a low level (below 0.5ng/ml). DCA showed that a low AMH level had good clinical diagnostic utility in predicting POI/POF. Our analysis of a large dataset suggests that serum AMH levels are inversely correlated with FSH levels and that AMH is a good predictor of POI until it drops to a low level.
We sought to better understand factors associated with ovarian aging in women with HIV (WWH).
HIV has been associated with diminished fertility, younger age at menopause, and shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular aging. We herein examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between LTL, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and HIV. We included WWH and HIV-negative women 12-50 years of age in the CARMA cohort with one or more study visit(s). LTL and AMH were measured by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Women were analyzed in peak reproductive (<35 years) vs. late reproductive (≥35 years) life phases. Using multivariable mixed-effect linear or logistic regressions, we assessed factors associated with AMH and ΔAMH/year while adjusting for relevant confounders. WWH had shorter LTL and lower AMH levels compared to HIV-negative controls despite being of similar age. After adjusting for relevant factors, HIV was associated with 20% lower AMH levels in women under 35 years of age and shorter LTL was associated with AMH levels below 2 ng/ml among women aged 35 years or older. Longitudinally, ΔAMH/year was largely related to initial AMH level among older women, and to age in younger women. Factors associated with AMH change across women's reproductive lifespan. Lower AMH among peak reproductive aged WWH suggests that HIV may have an initial detrimental effect on ovarian reserve, an observation that may warrant counseling around pregnancy planning. In women aged 35 years or older, the association between shorter LTL and lower AMH suggests that the immune and reproductive aging connections are more important in this age group.
This paper reviews the recent literature on menstrual cycle phase effects on outcomes relevant to anxiety and PTSD, discusses potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects, and highlights methodological limitations impeding scientific advancement. The menstrual cycle and its underlying hormones impact symptom expression among women with anxiety and PTSD, as well as psychophysiological and biological processes relevant to anxiety and PTSD. The most consistent findings are retrospective self-report of premenstrual exacerbation of anxiety symptoms and the protective effect of estradiol on recall of extinction learning among healthy women. Lack of rigorous methodology for assessing menstrual cycle phase and inconsistent menstrual cycle phase definitions likely contribute to other conflicting results. Further investigations that address these limitations and integrate complex interactions between menstrual cycle phase-related hormones, genetics, and psychological vulnerabilities are needed to inform personalized prevention and intervention efforts for women.