Anttila, L., Karjala, K., Penttilä, R. A., Ruutiainen, K., & Ekblad, U. (1998). Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes. Obstetrics and gynecology, 92(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00133-1
Anttila L, Karjala K, Penttilä RA, Ruutiainen K, Ekblad U. Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92(1):13-16. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00133-1
Anttila, Leena, et al. "Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes." Obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 92, no. 1, 1998, pp. 13-16.
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To examine the occurrence of polycystic ovaries (PCO) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Methods
This was a retrospective comparative study of ultrasonographic findings of ovaries in 31 women with GDM and 30 healthy controls matched according to maternal age and body mass index (BMI). Women who presented evidence of impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy were excluded from the control group. Transvaginal ultrasonographic examination was performed during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, after breast-feeding had been discontinued.
Results
Polycystic ovary was a more frequent finding among women with GDM than among controls: 14 women with GDM (44%) and two controls exhibited PCO. No differences were found in BMI before pregnancy or in the weight gain during pregnancy between the groups. No difference was observed in the mean birth weight of the infants between the study groups.
Conclusion
Polycystic ovaries were a common finding among women with GDM. The data suggest that women with PCO are at risk for developing GDM and should be screened accordingly.
Myrer RS et al., 2025·Utah Womens Health Rev·Free full text on PubMed Central
The objective of this study is to test the association between preconception polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using Utah's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2016-2021). In addition, pre-pregnancy hypertension will be tested as a potential effect moderator. This cross-sectional study utilizes data from Phase 8 of the Utah Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey (2016-2021). The association between PCOS and GDM was tested using Poisson regression to generate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. PCOS was associated with higher prevalence of GDM in all models, regardless of whether the outcome data (GDM) came from the infant's birth certificate, the PRAMS survey, or the combined measure. When adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and comorbidities, women with PCOS were 1.50 (1.16-1.95) times as likely to have GDM (reported on birth certificate and/or survey) compared to women without PCOS. Pre-pregnancy hypertension was not found to be a statistically significant effect moderator. The findings from this study were consistent with the majority of research indicating that women with PCOS have increased risk for GDM. This is also the first known study to test pre-pregnancy hypertension as an effect moderator between PCOS and GDM. More research is needed on the role of comorbidities such as chronic hypertension as effect modifiers between PCOS and GDM.
These findings show that women with PCOS are at high risk for GDM, among a population-based sample of mothers. Interventions to reduce the risk of GDM among women with PCOS need to be developed and evaluated.
Thyroid and Metabolic Function · Insulin and Metabolism
To evaluate the complications and outcome of pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary disease (PCOD). The course and outcome of 47 singleton pregnancies in women with well-documented PCOD were compared with those in 100 healthy controls. Women with PCOD had a significantly higher body mass index as compared to the control group (P < .05); however, the proportion of lean versus obese subjects in the two groups was similar. The incidence of an abnormal glucose challenge test, gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-induced hypertension was significantly increased in pregnant women with PCOD (P < .05). When lean PCOD subjects were compared with lean control subjects, the difference in the incidence of the above complications was still significant (P < .05). The incidence of pregnancy complications was similar when obese PCOD subjects were compared with obese controls. Women with PCOD were at increased risk of gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension, and this risk appeared to be independent of body mass index.
Napolean N et al., 2026·Cureus·Free full text on PubMed Central
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by reproductive, hormonal, and metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the association between clinical features, anthropometric indices, hormonal parameters, metabolic profile, ultrasonographic findings, and the second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio in women with PCOS compared to age-matched healthy controls. Methods A case-control study was conducted, including women diagnosed with PCOS and age-matched healthy controls. Clinical features, anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR)), hormonal parameters (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)), metabolic variables (fasting glucose, lipid profile), ultrasonographic findings, and 2D:4D digit ratio were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Women with PCOS exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of menstrual irregularity, polycystic ovarian morphology, hirsutism, and acne (p < 0.001). Hormonal analysis showed significantly elevated LH, FSH, and AMH levels in PCOS cases (p < 0.001). Anthropometric indices, including BMI, WHR, and WHtR, were significantly higher among PCOS cases (p < 0.01), indicating increased general and central adiposity. In contrast, fasting glucose and lipid profile levels did not differ significantly between groups. Additionally, the 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in PCOS cases (p < 0.01) and showed significant negative correlations with BMI, WHR, WHtR, and cholesterol levels. Conclusion The study demonstrates that PCOS is associated with significant hormonal dysregulation, central obesity, and early metabolic alterations. The lower 2D:4D ratio observed in PCOS supports the role of prenatal androgen exposure in disease pathogenesis. These findings highlight the complex interplay between developmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors in PCOS and underscore the importance of early identification and comprehensive management strategies.
Thyroid and Metabolic Function · Insulin and Metabolism
Ciampelli M et al., 1998·Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology
In recent years the metabolic implications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have received a great deal of attention; in fact 50% of women with PCOS are obese and a similar percentage of subjects was found to show exaggerated insulin secretion and reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The presence of these features in women with PCOS has profound clinical implications in terms of morbidity due to diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, hyperinsulinemia has recently been proposed as a possible independent risk factor for endometrial and breast cancer. In the light of these considerations, the importance of metabolic screening in patients with PCOS in order to improve their quality of life cannot be underestimated. In this review we analyze all the clinical pathologies in which hyperinsulinemia of PCOS could be involved. Furthermore, in order to clarify the possible mechanisms leading to the insulin disorders of the syndrome, we review the available data about the insulin receptor abnormalities, as well as those concerning the insulin resistance and the exaggerated insulin secretion. Finally, we examine the main therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the insulinemic status of PCOS patients in order to potentially be able to prevent the long-term consequences of this syndrome.
Reproductive Endocrinology › Thyroid and Metabolic Function › Insulin and Metabolism · Diagnostics › Ultrasound › Transvaginal Ultrasound
PMID 9649084 9649084 DOI 10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00133-1 10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00133-1 Anttila et al. 1998, Anttila 1998
Cite this article
Anttila, L., Karjala, K., Penttilä, R. A., Ruutiainen, K., & Ekblad, U. (1998). Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes. Obstetrics and gynecology, 92(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00133-1
Anttila L, Karjala K, Penttilä RA, Ruutiainen K, Ekblad U. Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92(1):13-16. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00133-1
Anttila, Leena, et al. "Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes." Obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 92, no. 1, 1998, pp. 13-16.
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