The extent to which birth defects after infertility treatment may be explained by underlying parental factors is uncertain.
Methods
We linked a census of treatment with assisted reproductive technology in South Australia to a registry of births and terminations with a gestation period of at least 20 weeks or a birth weight of at least 400 g and registries of birth defects (including cerebral palsy and terminations for defects at any gestational period). We compared risks of birth defects (diagnosed before a child's fifth birthday) among pregnancies in women who received treatment with assisted reproductive technology, spontaneous pregnancies (i.e., without assisted conception) in women who had a previous birth with assisted conception, pregnancies in women with a record of infertility but no treatment with assisted reproductive technology, and pregnancies in women with no record of infertility.
Results
Of the 308,974 births, 6163 resulted from assisted conception. The unadjusted odds ratio for any birth defect in pregnancies involving assisted conception (513 defects, 8.3%) as compared with pregnancies not involving assisted conception (17,546 defects, 5.8%) was 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 1.62); the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.16 to 1.41). The corresponding odds ratios with in vitro fertilization (IVF) (165 birth defects, 7.2%) were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.48) and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.26), and the odds ratios with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (139 defects, 9.9%) were 1.77 (95% CI, 1.47 to 2.12) and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.90). A history of infertility, either with or without assisted conception, was also significantly associated with birth defects.
Conclusions
The increased risk of birth defects associated with IVF was no longer significant after adjustment for parental factors. The risk of birth defects associated with ICSI remained increased after multivariate adjustment, although the possibility of residual confounding cannot be excluded. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Australian Research Council.).
It is not known whether infants conceived with use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in vitro fertilization have a higher risk of birth defects than infants conceived naturally. We obtained data from three registries in Western Australia on births, births after assisted conception, and major birth defects in infants born between 1993 and 1997. We assessed the prevalence of major birth defects diagnosed by one year of age in infants conceived naturally or with use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in vitro fertilization. Twenty-six of the 301 infants conceived with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (8.6 percent) and 75 of the 837 infants conceived with in vitro fertilization (9.0 percent) had a major birth defect diagnosed by one year of age, as compared with 168 of the 4000 naturally conceived infants (4.2 percent; P<0.001 for the comparison between either type of technology and natural conception). As compared with natural conception, the odds ratio for a major birth defect by one year of age, after adjustment for maternal age and parity, the sex of the infant, and correlation between siblings, was 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.2) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 2.9) with in vitro fertilization. Infants conceived with use of assisted reproductive technology were more likely than naturally conceived infants to have multiple major defects and to have chromosomal and musculoskeletal defects. Infants conceived with use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in vitro fertilization have twice as high a risk of a major birth defect as naturally conceived infants.
Abstract Is conception using in vitro fertilization (IVF) associated with the multiple congenital anomaly pattern referred to as VACTERL? Children conceived through IVF were more than twice as likely to develop VACTERL compared to those naturally conceived (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.93-3.39). VACTERL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities) is a multiple congenital anomaly pattern with a likely multifactorial origin, as few genetic or non-genetic risk factors have been identified. Some studies have suggested a potential link between IVF and VACTERL, yet this relationship has not been thoroughly investigated while accounting for other maternal characteristics. Given the rarity of VACTERL, large datasets with comprehensive information on fertility treatment parameters, maternal characteristics, and birth outcomes are essential to better understand this association. Study design, size, duration
We performed a population-based study of live births in four U.S. states (Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, and Texas) between 2004 and 2018, linking birth records and birth defect data to IVF cycles reported in the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System (SART CORS). Naturally conceived births were selected as controls at a 10:1 ratio during the same period as the IVF birth. The study included a total of 1,315,867 live births. Participants/materials, setting, All study children were linked to state birth defect registries, with defects classified using British Pediatric Association codes. VACTERL cases were identified by code 759.890 or the presence of at least three associated anomalies. Children with known chromosomal or other genetic syndromes were excluded. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between IVF conception and VACTERL. Covariates included maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, and state. Main We identified 363 cases of VACTERL - 78 conceived through IVF (0.053%) and 285 naturally conceived (0.024%). Of these, 232 cases were identified using the diagnostic code 759.890, while 131 additional cases were identified by at least three of the six VACTERL associated anomalies. The most frequent VACTERL congenital anomalies were cardiac defects (54%), followed by renal anomalies (50%) and anal atresia (32%). In unadjusted analysis, IVF was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of VACTERL (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.75-2.89). After adjusting for maternal socio-demographics, the association was further strengthened (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.93-3.39) and supported in sensitivity analyses restricted to 1,226,080 singletons (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.92-3.83). Evaluation of specific IVF treatment parameters (n = 141,882) revealed the highest prevalence of VACTERL in 58 of 102,099 births from fresh embryos (0.057% vs. 0.050% from thawed embryos), 41 of 69,765 births from ICSI (0.059% vs. 0.052% without ICSI), and 27 of 48,629 births from male infertility (0.056% vs. 0.055% without male infertility). Refining our multivariable model of IVF, we found that use of ICSI without a diagnosis of male infertility had the strongest association with VACTERL of all IVF groups (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.90-4.65) compared to natural conceptions. Limitations, We were unable to assess familial clustering and terminations in the prevalence of VACTERL. However, our analyses are representative of live births and we accounted for maternal characteristics associated with both birth defect risks and the use of fertility treatment. The use of IVF is associated with VACTERL in offspring, but the absolute risk for VACTERL in IVF-conceived offspring remains low. The mechanisms underlying this association are unclear, but altered DNA methylation patterns have been implicated in both IVF and VACTERL etiology. No
Bhat P et al., 2025·Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics
Congenital anomalies (CAs) are a leading cause of perinatal and child mortality. With the increasing use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), there is a growing need for research on the health outcomes of children conceived through ART. This systematic review was performed to assess the incidence of CAs in ART-conceived children compared to those conceived naturally. This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO. A total of 113 studies were included in this meta-analysis, comprising 768,929 children in the ART group and 40,709,337 children in the control group which comprised spontaneously conceived (SC) children. The primary findings indicated that ART-conceived children have a marginally higher risk of CAs compared to the control group. Subgroup analyses showed that children conceived via ICSI, Day 3 transfer, and fresh embryo transfer (ET) had a slightly higher risk of CAs than those conceived via IVF, Day 5 transfer, or frozen embryo transfer (FET). The study highlights a slightly increased incidence of CAs among ART-conceived children over SC children, underscoring the importance of improving ART methods and closely monitoring the health of these children to reduce the risk of CAs.
Children born after assisted reproductive technology (ART) have worse perinatal outcomes compared with spontaneously conceived children. This study investigates whether children conceived after ART have a higher risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) compared with children born after spontaneous conception (SC). All 7 747 637 liveborn children in Denmark (1994-2014), Finland (1990-2014), Norway (1984-2015), and Sweden (1987-2015), where 171 735 children were conceived after ART, were included. National ART and medical birth registry data were cross-linked with data from other health and population registries. Outcomes were major CHDs, severe CHDs, 6 hierarchical CHD lesion groups, and 10 selected major CHDs, diagnosed prenatally or up to 1 year of age (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden) and prenatally or at birth (Norway). The association between ART and CHDs was assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for available confounders. Major CHDs were detected in 3159 children born after ART (1.84%) and in 86 824 children born after SC [1.15%; adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-1.41]. Risk was highest in multiples, regardless of conception method. Severe CHDs were detected in 594 children born after ART (0.35%) and in 19 375 children born after SC (0.26%; AOR 1.30; 95% CI 1.20-1.42). Risk was similar between ICSI and IVF and between frozen and fresh embryo transfer. Assisted reproductive technology-conceived children have a higher prevalence of major CHDs, being rare, but severe conditions. The absolute risks are, however, modest and partly associated with multiple pregnancies, more prevalent in ART.