Ovulation method of family planning

Sexual and reproductive health experiences and care of adult women with cystic fibrosis

Kazmerski TM et al., 2023 · J Cyst Fibros

As survival and health improve in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), more women with CF (wwCF) are considering their sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This study compared SRH experiences, behaviors, and care utilization of wwCF to the general population and defined CF-impacted considerations and care preferences. We surveyed wwCF aged ≥25 years regarding SRH and compared results to the US National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG;n = 4357) and friend controls(n = 123). We used descriptive statistics and chi-squared/Fisher's exact testing and linear regression for comparisons. A total of 460 wwCF (mean age 36.1 years) completed the survey. WwCF were less likely to report current contraceptive use (43%vs76% NSFG, p<0.001;60% friends, p = 0.005). Nearly 25% of wwCF reported worsened CF symptoms during their menstrual cycles, 50% experienced urinary incontinence, and 80% vulvovaginal candidiasis. WwCF were significantly less likely to be parents (46%vs62% friends, p = 0.015) and to have experienced pregnancy (37%vs78% NSFG, p<0.001;58% friends, p = 0.002). More wwCF required medical assistance to conceive (29%vs12% NSFG, p<0.001 and 5% friends, p<0.001). Eighty-four percent of wwCF view their CF doctor as their main physician and 41% report no primary care provider (vs19% friends; p<0.001). WwCF report suboptimal rates of contraceptive and preconception counseling/care and are less likely to have received HPV vaccination (42%vs55%friends, p = 0.02). Despite desiring SRH conversations with their CF team, <50% report discussing SRH topics. WwCF have significantly different SRH experiences than non-CF peers. They report suboptimal SRH care compared to their preferences highlighting an urgent need to encourage SRH counseling/care in the CF model.

Natural family planning. Natural methods have cross cultural appeal

Billings JJ, 1993 · BMJ · Free full text on PubMed Central

good of all, and above all, for the protection of the weak."2I submit that, no matter how appealing a marketplace model may seem for the NHS, it is a business model.As such the destruction of either purchaser or provider is eventually certain, with the barbarisation of the survivor.It is not too late for consortiums of purchasers and consortiums of providers to join forces and become one NHS again.

The validation of the Billings ovulation method by laboratory research and field trials

Billings JJ, 1991 · Acta Eur Fertil

Fertility and the mechanism of ovulation is complex. The processes of fertilization and ovulation are described in this report. Information includes a description of the natural indicators of fertility and infertility, the cervical mucus pattern, and the Guidelines for the Billings Ovulation Method. The ovarian monitor which provides for the measurement of ovarian hormones (estrone glucuronide (EIG) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) in a timed specimen of urine is also described. The cervical mucus pattern method measures ovarian hormones and fertility. No more than 2% of women who have been taught the Ovulation Method and performed the charting would need to use the Ovarian Monitor. It is commonly used to assure that the women's observations and interpretations are correct when there is a strong desire to either achieve or postpone pregnancy. For research, the monitor is useful in accurately measuring the timing of ovulation within the phase of potential fertility during the cycle and the changing probabilities of conception on days within the fertile period. The limits of the fertilizing life span of sperm can be measured as well as the factors which influence this life span. The day of maximum fertility, the correlation of the mucus pattern with fertility and time of ovulation, and assessment of conception cycles are measurable. Diagnostic information can be gleaned which will help to explain bleeding patterns, particularly around menopause, where fluctuating ovarian hormonal levels influence unexplained bleeding patterns. The Monitor can be useful as a test for pregnancy in measurement of high PdG and E1G levels. Four phases are identified for interpreting the ovulatory cycle: 1) the E1G and PdG levels are declining during the beginning of menstruation to reach a constant level (20-60 nmol/24 hours and .9 - 3.3 mcmol/24 hours); 2) rising E1G values and low PdG values and changing mucus pattern of the preovulatory cycle; 3) the ovulatory phase of peak E1G values (150-450 nmol/24 hours) followed by a distinct fall and the beginning of a rise in PdG values and the Peak of the mucus pattern; and 4) the luteal phase of rising PdG (9-36 mcmol/24 hours), and rising E1G values (100-400 nmol/24 hours) to maximum, and then falling before menstruation.

The Billings Ovulation Method. An update

Billings JJ et al., 1988 · Aust Fam Physician

Women can accurately predict the day of ovulation by examining vaginal mucus using the Billings Ovulation Method (BOM). they then can choose to either have sexual intercourse if they wish to conceive or to refrain if they do not want to become pregnant by being able to identify the peak day of fertility and the 3 following days of diminishing fertility. A preovulatory phase of the ovulatory cycle follows menstruation which generally includes a sensation of dryness around the genital area but sometimes no dry days occur. At this point progesterone activates the secretion of a thick sticky mucus into the cervical canal which sperms cannot penetrate. This mucus also serves to guard against infection in the reproductive tract and abdominal cavity. When circulating estrogen increases due to follicular development a fluid clear and stringy mucus replaces the thick mucus. this mucus is like a raw egg white. Under the microscope it has a distinctive fern pattern. Sexual intercourse during this time period may result in pregnancy because this mucus sustains sperm cells in cervical crypts for 48-72 hours. Not all women notice the changes in the mucus however but they can sense the vulva as soft swollen and moist. The final day of this sensation identifies the peak day (day 1) in which ovulation customarily occurs. Even though fertility decreases in the next 3 days conception may occur in days 1-3. Infertility sets in on day 4 and last on average 2 weeks. any mucus now seems sticky and opaque. WHO field trials in El Salvador and 4 other countries confirmed that BOM is >99% effective when couples adhere to the guidelines. Research demonstrated that illiterate couples from low socioeconomic status understand it and apply it successfully.

Ovulation method of contraception

Billings JJ, 1981 · Med J Aust

Two methods of natural family planning

Billings JJ, 1980 · Am J Obstet Gynecol

The ovulation method of family planning

France JT, 1973 · IPPF Med Bull

The ovulation method of family planning relies on self-recognition of physiological changes occuring around time of ovulation rather than a calendar to enable a couple to avoid sexual intercourse during the fertile period. The most practical signs are elevated basal body temperature, changes in the amount and physicochemical properties of cervical mucus, and ovulation pain. The basal body temperature rises about .3 degrees C following ovulation. The problem with this method is that it is retrospective. The mucus symptoms, as described by Billings and associates in Melbourne, Australia, are: 1) a variable number of days with no vaginal discharge following menstrual bleeding; 2) onset of mucus symptoms characterized by increasing quantities of ''cloudy'' or ''sticky'' secretion; 3) a clear, slippery lubricative mucus having the characteristics of raw white of egg (spinnbarkeit), which is an immediate forwarning of ovulation; 4) a variable period of thick, opaque, diminished volume discharge followed by dry days. The clear ''peak symptom'' mucus lasts 1-2 days; in a study of 22 women followed for 27 cycles this symptom occurred .9 days +3 or -2 days before ovulation. The problem is that 2 of the 22 cycles reported in detail had ovulation 3 days after the peak symptom and 1 had ovulation 4 days after. Intercourse on the 4th day, therefore, would have had a significant risk of pregnancy. Weissman and associates collected data on 282 women on the Pacific island of Tonga who used the mucus symptoms alone to control conception. In the 2503 cycles there were 53 unplanned pregnancies, 25.4 per 100 woman-years using the Pearl formula. 50 resulted from the couples ''taking a chance,'' 2 misunderstood the method, 28 abandoned the method because they wanted more children, and 1 woman became pregnant even though she thought she understood the method. Field trials with groups who are more motivated than those in the Tongan trial are needed.

Family Planning - "Billings" ovulation method

Bhering MS et al., 1980 · Rev Esc Enferm USP · Free to read

The authors present "Billing" ovulation method as natural family planning.