Chemico-biological interactions, 430(12B), 111985, 2026
This study investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), on mammary gland development of both pregnant rats and their offspring, as well as its influence on related hormone levels.
Pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally exposed to HFPO-DA at doses of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day from gestation day (GD) 0.5 to GD 19.5. On GD 19.5, half of the pregnant rats from each dose group underwent caesarean section, while the other half gave birth naturally. The offspring from the rats that gave birth naturally were raised until they reached postnatal day (PND) 21. The serum levels of progesterone (Pg), estradiol (E2), and prolactin (PRL) in the pregnant rats and their offspring on PND 21 were detected via ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Changes in mammary glands of pregnant rats, their fetuses, and PND 21 offspring were assessed by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The development of mammary gland tissue structures in fetuses and PND 21 offspring was evaluated using whole gland staining. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess STAT5 expression in the mammary glands of pregnant rats and Ki67 expression in the mammary glands of fetuses and PND 21 offspring.
In pregnant rats, exposure to HFPO-DA significantly increased the PRL levels. The expression of STAT5 was also significantly elevated in mammary epithelial cells. The lobular and alveolar areas expanded dose-dependently, and milk secretion was observed in the high-dose group. In fetuses and PND 21 offspring exposed to HFPO-DA, we observed significant growth of secondary mammary ducts, a substantial increase in ductal coverage area, ductal buds, and primary duct length, as well as an increase in Ki67 expression in mammary epithelial cells.
Collectively, these findings suggest that HFPO-DA exposure elevates serum PRL levels in pregnant rats, promotes lactation, and stimulates early-stage mammary gland development in offspring.
Dalton, K. (1981). The effect of progesterone and progestogens on the foetus. *Neuropharmacology*, *20*(12B), 1267-1269.
Dalton K. The effect of progesterone and progestogens on the foetus. Neuropharmacology. 1981;20(12B):1267-1269.
Dalton, K. "The effect of progesterone and progestogens on the foetus." *Neuropharmacology*, vol. 20, no. 12B, 1981, pp. 1267-1269.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology, Behavior/drug Effects, Disorders of Sex Development/chemically Induced, Female, Fetus/drug Effects, Humans, Intelligence/drug Effects, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Progesterone/adverse Effects, Progestins/adverse Effects, Receptors, Progesterone/drug Effects, Species Specificity, Progestins, Receptors, Progesterone, Progesterone