Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and more specifically salpingitis (visually confirmed inflammation) is the primary cause of tubal factor infertility and is an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. The risk of these outcomes increases following repeated episodes of PID. We developed a homogenous discrete-time Markov model for the distribution of PID history in the UK. We used a Bayesian framework to fully propagate parameter uncertainty into the model outputs. We estimated the model parameters from routine data, prospective studies, and other sources. We estimated that for women aged 35-44 years, 33·6% and 16·1% have experienced at least one episode of PID and salpingitis, respectively (diagnosed or not) and 10·7% have experienced one salpingitis and no further PID episodes, 3·7% one salpingitis and one further PID episode, and 1·7% one salpingitis and ⩾2 further PID episodes. Results are consistent with numerous external data sources, but not all. Studies of the proportion of PID that is diagnosed, and the proportion of PIDs that are salpingitis together with the severity distribution in different diagnostic settings and of overlap between routine data sources of PID would be valuable.
PMID 27678278 27678278 DOI 10.1017/S0950268816002065 10.1017/S0950268816002065
Cite this article
Price, M., Ades, T., Welton, N. J., Simms, I., & Horner, P. (2017). Pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis: incidence of primary and repeat episodes in England. Epidemiology and infection, 145(1), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816002065
Price M, Ades T, Welton NJ, Simms I, Horner P. Pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis: incidence of primary and repeat episodes in England. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(1):208-215. doi:10.1017/S0950268816002065
Price, Malcolm, et al. "Pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis: incidence of primary and repeat episodes in England." Epidemiology and infection, vol. 145, no. 1, 2017, pp. 208-215.
Streit-Ciećkiewicz D et al., 2022·Int J Environ Res Public Health
Regenerative medicine combines elements of tissue engineering and molecular biology aiming to support the regeneration and repair processes of damaged tissues, cells and organs. The most commonly used preparation in regenerative medicine is platelet rich plasma (PRP) containing numerous growth factors present in platelet granularities. This therapy is increasingly used in various fields of medicine. This article is a review of literature on the use of PRP in gynecology and obstetrics. There is no doubt that the released growth factors and proteins have a beneficial effect on wound healing and regeneration processes. So far, its widest application is in reproductive medicine, especially in cases of thin endometrium, Asherman's syndrome, or premature ovarian failure (POF) but also in wound healing and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), such as urinary incontinence or recurrent genitourinary fistula auxiliary treatment. Further research is, however, needed to confirm the effectiveness and the possibility of its application in many other disorders.
To investigate the association of infertility with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among postmenopausal participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We hypothesized that nulliparity and pregnancy loss may reveal more extreme phenotypes of infertility, enabling further understanding of the association of infertility with ASCVD.
Prospective cohort study.
Forty clinical centers in the United States. PATIENT(S): A total of 158,787 postmenopausal participants in the Women's Health Initiative cohort. INTERVENTION(S): Infertility, parity, and pregnancy loss. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome was risk of ASCVD among women with and without a history of infertility, stratified by history of live birth and pregnancy loss. Cox proportional-hazards models were adjusted for demographics and risk factors for ASCVD. RESULT(S): Among 158,787 women, 25,933 (16.3%) reported a history of infertility; 20,427 (80%) had at least 1 live birth; and 9,062 (35%) had at least 1 pregnancy loss. There was a moderate overall association between infertility and ASCVD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.06) over 19 years of follow-up. Among nulliparous women, infertility was associated with a 13% higher risk of ASCVD (95% CI, 1.04-1.23). Among nulliparous women who had a pregnancy loss, infertility was associated with a 36% higher risk of ASCVD (95% CI, 1.09-1.71). CONCLUSION(S): Women with a history of infertility overall had a moderately higher risk of ASCVD compared with women without a history of infertility. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk was much higher among nulliparous infertile women and among nulliparous infertile women who also had a pregnancy loss, suggesting that in these more extreme phenotypes, infertility may be associated with ASCVD risk.
Chronic endometritis (CE) and endometrial polyps (EPs) are common conditions in reproductive age women. CE is an infectious disorder of the endometrium characterized by signs of chronic inflammation at hysteroscopic and histological analyses. EPs are abnormal endometrial growths containing glands, stroma and blood vessels projecting from the lining of the uterus. During the last years, different authors have investigated the correlation between CE and EPs, with controversial results. The aim of this study was to summarize available evidence on the potential correlation between CE and EPs.
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Observational-studies were identified by searching electronic databases from their inception to September 2021. Only studies on pre-menopausal women were included. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc 16.4.3 (Ostend, Belgium) and Review Manager version 5.3 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration). The summary measures were reported as pooled proportion or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The primary outcome was to evaluate the prevalence of CE in women with EPs. The secondary outcome was to determine the prevalence of CD-138-positive EPs among EPs. Tertiary outcomes were to compare the prevalence of CE in women with EPs versus women with a non-polypoid endometrium and to compare the prevalence of CE in women with a single EP versus women with multiple EPs. Eight observational studies (n = 3225 patients) were included in quantitative synthesis. Pooled prevalence of CE among women with EPs was 51.35% (95% CI, 27.24-75.13%). Pooled proportion of CD-138-positive EPs among EPs was 70.73% (95% CI, 55.73-83.68%). Women with EPs showed higher prevalence of CE compared to women without EPs (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.59-5.95). Women with ≥3 EPs had higher prevalence of CE then women with a single EP (OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.83-6.46). In pre-menopausal women, CE and EPs may have a dependent relationship and may represent two consequent steps of a common pathological process.
Uterine isthmocele or uterine niche is a late complication of cesarean deliveries and causes chronic pelvic pain, menorrhagia or postmenstrual spotting, and infertility. As the number of cesarean sections are constantly increasing, it is important to be aware of this entity so as to make an early diagnosis. This would enable the clinicians to manage these patients efficiently. We present three patients of uterine isthmocele who were evaluated and managed at our institution.