Assisted reproductive technology surveillance--United States, 2001

In 1996, CDC initiated data collection regarding assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures performed in the United States to determine medical center-specific pregnancy success rates, as mandated by the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act (FCSRCA) (Public Law 102-493, October 24, 1992). ART includes fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are handled in the laboratory (i.e., in vitro fertilization and related procedures). Patients who undergo ART treatments are more likely to deliver multiple-birth infants than women who conceive naturally. Multiple births are associated with increased risk for mothers and infants (e.g., pregnancy complications, premature delivery, low-birthweight infants, and long-term disability among infants).

2001.

CDC contracts with a professional society, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), to obtain data from fertility medical centers located in the United States. Since 1997, CDC has compiled data related to ART procedures. The Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance System was initiated by CDC in collaboration with the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, and RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association.

In 2001, a total of 29,344 live-birth deliveries and 40,687 infants resulting from 107,587 ART procedures were reported from 384 medical centers in the United States and U.S. territories. Nationally, 80,864 (75%) of ART treatments used freshly fertilized embryos from the patient's eggs; 14,705 (14%) used thawed embryos from the patient's eggs; 8,592 (8%) used freshly fertilized embryos from donor eggs; and 3,426 (3%) used thawed embryos from donor eggs. Overall, 40% of ART procedures that progressed to the transfer stage resulted in a pregnancy; 33% resulted in a live-birth delivery (delivery of > or =1 infant); and 21% resulted in a singleton live birth. The highest live-birth rates were observed among ART procedures using freshly fertilized embryos from donor eggs (47%). The greatest numbers of ART procedures were performed among residents of California (13,124), New York (12,379), Massachusetts (8,151), Illinois (7,933), and New Jersey (6,011). These five states also reported the highest number of live-birth deliveries and infants born as a result of ART. The ratio of number of ART procedures per million population ranged from 74 in Idaho to 1,273 in Massachusetts, with a national average of 371 ART procedures started per million persons. Among ART treatments in which freshly fertilized embryos from the patient's eggs were used, substantial variation in live birth rates by patient (e.g., women aged < or =40 years) and treatment characteristics (e.g., ovulatory dysfunction, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility) was observed. The risk for a multiple-birth delivery was highest for women who underwent ART transfer procedures using freshly fertilized embryos from either donor eggs (42%) or from their own eggs (36%). Among ART transfer procedures in which the patient's own eggs were used, an inverse relation existed between multiple-birth risk and patient age. Number of embryos transferred and embryo availability (an indicator of embryo quality) were also strong predictors of multiple-birth risk. Of the 40,687 infants born, 46% were twins, and 8% were triplet and higher order multiples. The total multiple-infant birth rate was 53%. Approximately 1% of U.S. infants born in 2001 were conceived through ART. Those infants accounted for 16% of multiple births nationally.

Whether an ART procedure resulted in a pregnancy and live-birth delivery varied according to different patient and treatment factors. ART poses a major risk for multiple births. This risk varied according to the patient's age, the type of ART procedure performed, the number of embryos transferred, and embryo availability (an indicator of embryo quality).

ART-related multiple births represent a sizable proportion of all multiple births nationally and in selected states. Efforts should be made to limit the number of embryos transferred for patients undergoing ART.