Guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Web Annex C. Evidence to decision tables for diagnosis of infertility

Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (5th edition)

World Health Organization, 2015

A prospective multicenter trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning. V. Psychosexual aspects. World Health Organization

World Health Organization, 1987 · Fertil Steril

During the 13-cycle effectiveness phase of a five-center study of the ovulation method of natural family planning, there were substantial differences, particularly between the two developed and the three developing countries, in the stated degree of satisfaction with the frequency of intercourse (most couples were satisfied in Bangalore, Manila, and San Miguel, whereas one-third of the subjects and half of their partners would have preferred more frequent intercourse in Auckland and Dublin) and in expressed difficulties associated with abstinence (e.g., 62% had occasional difficulty in Auckland, 14% in Bangalore, 55% in Dublin, 28% in Manila, and 5% in San Miguel). Cumulative net probabilities of discontinuation due to pregnancy were 1.8%, 18.6%, and 54.7% for couples in whom the male partner's degree of satisfaction was described as "no difficulty," "occasional difficulty," and "always some difficulty," respectively.

A prospective multicentre trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning. I. The teaching phase

World Health Organization, 1981 · Fertil Steril

The percentage of 869 women in five countries capable of being taught to recognize the periovulatory cervical mucus symptom of the fertile period was determined in a prospective multicentre trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning. The women were ovulating, of proven fertility, represented a spectrum of cultures and socioeconomic levels, and ranged from illiteracy to having postgraduate education. In the first of three standard teaching cycles, 93% recorded on interpretable ovulatory mucus pattern. Eighty-eight per cent of subjects successfully completed the teaching phase; 7% discontinued for reasons other than pregnancy, including 1.3% who failed to learn the method. Forty-five subjects (5%) became pregnant during the average 3.1-cycle teaching phase. The average number of days of abstinence required by the rules of the method was 17 in the third teaching cycle (58.2% of the average cycle length). To what extent the findings of this study can be extended to other couples remains to be demonstrated.

Cervical Mucus in Human Reproduction: Present State of Knowledge

World Health Organization, 1972

Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

Teede HJ et al., 2023 · Fertility and Sterility · Free to read

Evidence-based guideline: unexplained infertility

Romualdi D et al., 2023 · Hum Reprod · Free full text on PubMed Central

Guideline Group on Unexplained Infertility; Romualdi D(1), Ata B(2)(3), Bhattacharya S(4), Bosch E(5), Costello M(6)(7), Gersak K(8), Homburg R(9), Mincheva M(10), Norman RJ(7)(11), Piltonen T(12), Dos Santos-Ribeiro S(13), Scicluna D(14), Somers S(15), Sunkara SK(16), Verhoeve HR(17), Le Clef N(18).

Infertility in Novak's Gynecology, 12th Edition

Hornstin MD et al., 1996

The Boston IVF Handbook of Infertility

Alper M et al., 2025