Recurrent Pregnancy Loss · Immune and Thrombophilia Factors
Coulam CB, 1992 · Am J Reprod Immunol
Women experiencing recurrent spontaneous abortion have a higher frequency of infertility than that expected in the general population. To further define the relationships between infertility and spontaneous abortion, the obstetrical histories of 43 women with unexplained secondary infertility were evaluated for the frequency of spontaneous abortion. Of the 88 pregnancies studied, 39 (44%) resulted in spontaneous abortion. Women with unexplained secondary infertility experienced a three-fold increase (P less than 0.0001) in the frequency of spontaneous abortions and half the number of live births (P less than 0.0001) compared with the general population. We conclude that the association between infertility and spontaneous abortion includes a higher frequency of spontaneous abortion among infertile couples as well as a higher prevalence of infertility among recurrent spontaneous aborters compared with the general population.
Ultrasound · Transvaginal Ultrasound
Cunningham DS et al., 1995 · J Reprod Med
To compile, for the first time, serial ultrasonographic findings during the first trimester of pregnancy in women with a history of primary recurrent spontaneous abortion so as to define the dynamics of early normal and abnormal gestations in this category of gravidas. Transvaginal ultrasonograms were obtained weekly from 5 to 12 weeks' gestational age in 40 women, 10 each of four groups: recurrent spontaneous aborters and primiparas (controls), with both successful and failed gestations. Embryonic heart motion was detected in 40-50% of successful pregnancies during the fifth week of gestation and in the balance by the sixth week, while heart motion was detected in no more than 50% of pregnancies that later failed. Of the failed pregnancies, all were evident by the eighth week of gestation, including those with previously documented viability. The gestational sac size and crown-rump length were smaller than expected in both failed groups, with the sac size difference evident as early as week 5 and the crown-rump length difference apparent by week 7. Appropriate timing of the initial ultrasonogram in recurrent aborters (i.e., 8 weeks' gestational age) can identify, by means of heart motion and gestational sac features, all pregnancies that will ultimately fail.
Labor and Birth · Physiologic Birth
Carr-Hill RA et al., 1985 · Br J Obstet Gynaecol
The likelihood of repetition of preterm birth after spontaneous onset of labour has been studied in 6572 reproductive careers after excluding stillbirths, multiple births, all careers in which any labour had been induced, and all careers in which the gestation length in any pregnancy was not certain. The analysis was controlled not only for pregnancy number, but for the nature of the reproductive outcomes. In most reproductive sequences there was a weak correlation between the gestation in one pregnancy and subsequent ones. The risk of preterm birth was tripled after one previous preterm birth with or without a preceding abortion, and increased six-fold after two previous preterm births. However, the attributable risk was low, and most multiparae with preterm births did not have a previous history.
Pregnancy Complications · Intrauterine Infection
Hilgers TW, 2004 · The Medical and Surgical Practice of NaProTECHNOLOGY
Recurrent spontaneous abortion is examined through a systematic NaProTECHNOLOGY diagnostic framework that includes hormonal, anatomical, immunological, and infectious etiologies identified via CrMS cycle charting and targeted laboratory evaluation. Correcting underlying pathology—particularly luteal phase deficiency and uterine structural abnormalities—achieves live birth rates substantially higher than expectant management alone.
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