Interstitial cystitis and systemic autoimmune diseases

The cause of interstitial cystitis, a chronic disease that affects the bladder, is unknown. Autoantibodies, such as those against nuclear and bladder epithelium antigens, have been found in patients with interstitial cystitis, but these are likely to be secondary to the disease. No data support a direct causal role of autoimmune reactivity in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis. Indirect evidence, however, does support a possible autoimmune nature of interstitial cystitis, such as the strong female preponderance and the clinical association between interstitial cystitis and other known autoimmune diseases within patients and families. The strongest association occurs between interstitial cystitis and Sjögren's syndrome. Increasing evidence suggests a possible role of autoantibodies to the muscarinic M3 receptor in Sjögren's syndrome. The M3 receptor is also located on the detrusor muscle cells of the bladder and mediates cholinergic contraction of the urinary bladder and other smooth muscle tissues. Autoantibodies to the M3 receptor might be important in both the early noninflammatory and the late inflammatory features of interstitial cystitis.