Feuerstein, M., & Shaw, W. S. (2002). Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 47(4), 279-289.
Feuerstein M, Shaw WS. Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med. 2002;47(4):279-289.
Feuerstein, Michael, and William S. Shaw. "Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome." The Journal of reproductive medicine, vol. 47, no. 4, 2002, pp. 279-289.
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To assess the reliability and factor structure of the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE) in premenstrual syndrome (PMS) patients.
Study Design
Healthy women diagnosed with PMS (N = 215) completed daily diaries assessing 22 PMS behavioral and physical symptoms over two consecutive months.
Results
Internal consistency (alpha) was high (.93-.94) for the COPE total score and behavioral subscale score and moderately high (.79) for the physical subscale score. Test-retest correlations produced lower estimates of reliability (.55-.59). Four factors, accounting for 64% of the total variance, were extracted: mood symptoms, somatic/cognitive symptoms, appetitive symptoms and fluid retention symptoms. Symptom reports increased in consecutive luteal phases for three of the four factors; however, the factor structure remained consistent in consecutive months.
Conclusion
The COPE diary is a reliable instrument for identifying fluctuations in behavioral and physical symptoms during the luteal phase, and PMS symptoms can be reliably conceptualized within four factors. Symptom expression may increase in response to daily self-monitoring.
Kajdy A et al., 2022·Int J Gynaecol Obstet·Free full text on PubMed Central
To assess risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic using Mind-COVID, a prospective cross-sectional study that compares outcomes in middle-income economies and high-income economies. A total of 7102 pregnant women from 12 high-income economies and nine middle-income economies were included. The web-based survey used two standardized instruments, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Pregnant women in high-income economies reported higher PHQ-9 (0.18 standard deviation [SD], P < 0.001) and GAD-7 (0.08 SD, P = 0.005) scores than those living in middle-income economies. Multivariate regression analysis showed that increasing PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales were associated with mental health problems during pregnancy and the need for psychiatric treatment before pregnancy. PHQ-9 was associated with a feeling of burden related to restrictions in social distancing, and access to leisure activities. GAD-7 scores were associated with a pregnancy-related complication, fear of adverse outcomes in children related to COVID-19, and feeling of burden related to finances. According to this study, the imposed public health measures and hospital restrictions have left pregnant women more vulnerable during these difficult times. Adequate partner and family support during pregnancy and childbirth can be one of the most important protective factors against anxiety and depression, regardless of national economic status.
To describe severity of emotional and physical symptoms in a large diverse sample; to examine demographic, health status, and behavioral correlates of symptom severity; and to describe use of medications and alternative remedies for premenstrual symptoms. A total of 1194 women, ages 21-45, selected from members of a large northern California health maintenance organization, completed daily ratings of symptom severity for two menstrual cycles. An empirically derived algorithm defined symptom severity groups as minimal (n = 186), moderate (n = 801), severe (n = 151), or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (n = 56). Symptom severity as a continuous variable was defined by the two-cycle mean symptom ratings in the luteal phase. Demographic, health status, and behavioral factors and use of treatments for premenstrual symptoms were assessed by self-report. Luteal phase symptom-specific ratings were generally significantly greater in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group than in the other groups (P <.001). Symptom severity score increased with each comorbidity and decreased with each year of age. Symptom severity was also inversely associated with oral contraceptive use (emotional symptoms) and better perceived health (physical symptoms). Hispanics reported greater severity of symptoms, and Asians less, relative to whites. Use of herbal and nutritional supplements for premenstrual symptoms steadily increased from 10.8% in the minimal group to 30.4% in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group (P <.01). The degree of premenstrual symptom severity varies in the population, is relatively constant within each woman over two consecutive cycles, particularly for emotional symptoms, and is influenced by age, race/ethnicity, and health status.
Moreira L et al., 2013·Journal of psychosomatic research
In women with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), symptom severity appears to fluctuate over the course of the menstrual cycle. The objective of this paper was to compare female OCD patients with and without premenstrual worsening of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), in terms of the clinical characteristics of OCD. This was a cross-sectional study involving 455 women with OCD, of whom 226 (49.7%) had experienced premenstrual OCS worsening and 229 (50.3%) had not (PMOCS-worse and PMOCS-same groups, respectively). Data were collected with the original and dimensional versions of the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale, as well as with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). We found significant differences between the PMOCS-same and PMOCS-worse groups, the latter showing a higher frequency of suicidal ideation (P<.001), suicide attempts (P=.027), current use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (P=.022), lifetime use of mood stabilisers (P=.015), and sexual/religious obsessions (P<.001; OR=1.90), as well as higher scores on the BDI (P<.001) and BAI (P<.001). Underscoring the fact that OCD is a heterogeneous disorder, there appears to be a subgroup of female OCD patients in whom the premenstrual period is associated with a higher frequency of sexual/religious obsessions, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. This might be attributable to hormonal fluctuations. Further studies are warranted in order to investigate this hypothesis by evaluating such patients at different phases of the menstrual cycle, as well as measuring hormonal levels.
Handy AB et al., 2022·Harv Rev Psychiatry·Free full text on PubMed Central
LEARNING After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Discuss and outline the general and overlapping effects of the menstrual cycle on women's mental health. A growing body of research demonstrates menstrual cycle-dependent fluctuations in psychiatric symptoms; these fluctuations can therefore be considered as prevalent phenomena. Possible mechanisms underlying these fluctuations posit behavioral, psychological, and neuroendocrine influences. Recent reviews document cyclic exacerbation of symptoms and explore these mechanisms in the context of specific and often single disorders. The question remains, however, as to whether there are general and overlapping effects of the menstrual cycle on women's mental health. To address this gap, we synthesized the literature examining the exacerbation of a variety of psychiatric symptoms across the menstrual cycle in adult women. Results show that the premenstrual and menstrual phases are most consistently implicated in transdiagnostic symptom exacerbation. Specifically, strong evidence indicates increases in psychosis, mania, depression, suicide/suicide attempts, and alcohol use during these phases. Anxiety, stress, and binge eating appear to be elevated more generally throughout the luteal phase. The subjective effects of smoking and cocaine use are reduced during the luteal phase, but fewer data are available for other substances. Less consistent patterns are demonstrated for panic disorder, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder, and it is difficult to draw conclusions for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and trichotillomania because of the limited data. Future research should focus on developing standardized approaches to identifying menstrual cycle phases and adapting pharmacological and behavioral interventions for managing fluctuations in psychiatric symptoms across the menstrual cycle.
Research Methods › Measurement and Statistics › Instrument Development and Validation · Menstrual Cycle › Premenstrual Disorders › Cyclical Symptom Patterns
Steven W Shaw
Steve Shaw, S Shaw
PMID 12012879 12012879 Feuerstein et al. 2002, Feuerstein 2002
Cite this article
Feuerstein, M., & Shaw, W. S. (2002). Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 47(4), 279-289.
Feuerstein M, Shaw WS. Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med. 2002;47(4):279-289.
Feuerstein, Michael, and William S. Shaw. "Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome." The Journal of reproductive medicine, vol. 47, no. 4, 2002, pp. 279-289.
Keywords
Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Medical Records, Menstrual Cycle/physiology/psychology, Premenstrual Syndrome/complications/physiopathology/psychology, Reproducibility of Results, Time Factors
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