Muneyvirci-Delale, O., Nacharaju, V. L., Altura, B. T., & Altura, B. M. (1998). Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women. Fertility and sterility, 69(5), 958-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00053-3
Muneyvirci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, Altura BT, Altura BM. Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(5):958-962. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00053-3
Muneyvirci-Delale, Ozgul, et al. "Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women." Fertility and sterility, vol. 69, no. 5, 1998, pp. 958-962.
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To determine the serum concentrations of the sex steroid hormones with respect to the concentrations of the biologically active fractions of magnesium and calcium during the different phases of the menstrual cycle.
Design
Controlled clinical study.
Setting
An academic research environment.
Patients
Six parous and four nulliparous healthy cycling female volunteers.
Main Outcome Measures
Concentrations of the sex steroid hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone as well as the ionized Ca and Mg levels were measured in the serum of normal cycling women during five different stages: the menstrual, early follicular, late follicular, ovulatory (ovulatory/early luteal), and luteal phases.
Results
In each woman, there was a comparatively high ionized Mg level coincident with the early follicular phase, a statistically significant decrease in ionized Mg around the time of ovulation, a significant decrease in ionized and total Mg when the serum progesterone concentration peaked, and a significant increase in the serum Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio at both the ovulatory and luteal phases. In addition, a decrease in ionized Mg was found with increased testosterone levels.
Conclusions
Healthy women of reproductive age demonstrate recurring cycling of ionized Mg and cyclic alterations in the ionized Ca to Mg ratio in their serum. The changes in serum concentrations of these important physiologically active cations, in the range at which they occur, can affect such entities as the vasculature, synaptic transmission, and excitation-secretion coupling and thus can produce the well-known premenstrual syndromes during the luteal phase in women who are somewhat deficient in Mg or in those who have an unusually increased Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio.
We measured plasma Cu. Zn and Mg levels in 40 women suffering from premenstrual tension syndrome (PMTS) and in 20 control subjects by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Mean plasma Cu, Zn and Mg levels, the Zn/Cu ratio were 80.2 +/- 6.00 micrograms/dl, 112.6 +/- 8.35 micrograms/dl, 0.70 +/- 0.18 mmol/l, and 1.40 +/- 0.10 in the PMTS group; and 77.0 +/- 4.50 micrograms/dl, 117.4 +/- 9.50 micrograms/dl, 0.87 +/- 0.10 mmol/l, and 1.51 +/- 0.05 in the control group respectively. The mean Mg level and the Zn/Cu ratio were significantly lower in PMTS patients than in the control group. Plasma Mg and Zn levels were diminished significantly during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in PMTS group. Mg deficiency may play a role in the etiology of PMTS.
Kapper C et al., 2024·Nutrients·Free full text on PubMed Central
The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral's contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health.
Aguree S et al., 2022·J Am Nutr Assoc·Free to read
To evaluate variations in micronutrient biomarker concentrations and deficiencies across the menstrual cycle in a cohort of healthy women. This prospective cohort study was conducted among healthy women of reproductive age living in the State College area, Pennsylvania, (n = 45). Data collection occurred at the early follicular phase, the late follicular phase, and the midluteal phase. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure micronutrient biomarkers. At the early follicular phase, the mean ± SD concentrations for zinc, copper, magnesium, and retinol were 81.8 ± 16.2 µg/dL, 80.1 ± 12.8 µg/dL, 17.9 ± 1.4 mg/L, and 39.4 ± 9.3 µg/dL, respectively. The geometric mean (95% CI) for manganese, iron and ferritin concentrations were 1.51 [1.21, 1.87] µg/L, 106.7 [90.8, 125.4] µg/dL, and 26.4 [20.5, 34.0] µg/L, respectively. Mean concentrations of zinc and magnesium declined by 6.6% (p = 0.009) and 4.6% (p < 0.001) from the early follicular phase to the midluteal phase, respectively. Other biomarkers remained relatively constant across the cycle. At the early follicular phase, the prevalence of low serum concentrations for zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, and ferritin was 22%, 7%, 29%, 13%, 14%, and 28%, respectively. Also, in early follicular phase, 36% had anemia, and 13% specifically had iron deficiency anemia. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency was significantly higher at the midluteal phase vs. the early follicular phase (p = 0.025). Our study suggests that while many micronutrient concentrations are relatively constant across the menstrual cycle in healthy women, zinc and magnesium decline, and the prevalence of magnesium deficiency increases. Supplemental data for this article is available online at.
Women diagnosed as suffering from premenstrual syndrome and symptom free controls were compared on hormonal parameters, glucose tolerance, mineralocorticoids, cholesterols, triglycerides, apolipoprotein (a), magnesium and calcium in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The effect of treatment with essential fatty acids on the biochemical variables was also evaluated in a randomized, double-blind crossover design. The results showed that the hormonal and biochemical profiles of women with PMS and symptom free controls were markedly similar, except for aldosterone which was lower in the follicular and luteal phases and cholesterol which was higher in the follicular phase in women with PMS. No effects of treatment with essential fatty acids were found for any of the biochemical variables studied.
PMID 9591508 9591508 DOI 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00053-3 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00053-3 Muneyvirci-Delale et al. 1998, Muneyvirci-Delale 1998
Cite this article
Muneyvirci-Delale, O., Nacharaju, V. L., Altura, B. T., & Altura, B. M. (1998). Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women. Fertility and sterility, 69(5), 958-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00053-3
Muneyvirci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, Altura BT, Altura BM. Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(5):958-962. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00053-3
Muneyvirci-Delale, Ozgul, et al. "Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women." Fertility and sterility, vol. 69, no. 5, 1998, pp. 958-962.
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