Reproductive Endocrinology

Serum progesterone (P) levels are critical for endometrial receptivity and implantation in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. However, the prognostic role of P levels measured on the day of t...

Ursolic Acid (UA), a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene, was isolated from Ochrosia elliptica. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism...

Spermatogenesis relies on the intricate interactions between testicular somatic cells and germ cells. While follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T) are considered pivotal regulatory fa...

STUDY QUESTION: Is there a difference in live birth rates at 24 months between infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who have normal versus abnormal glucose metabolism? SUMMARY ANSWER...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical relevance of serum progesterone levels on the day of frozen embryo transfer (FET) and the dose of vaginal progesterone gel (Crinone) used for early luteal phase suppo...

STUDY QUESTION: Are maternal concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) influenced by the frozen embryo transfer (FET) protocol in early ...

Stress is ubiquitous in health and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of many underlying diseases. Stress and health - this review highlights the interplay between stress and health, focusing on s...

OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism of action, epidemiology, clinical efficacy, factors influencing treatment outcomes, and limitations of clomiphene citrate (CC). METHODS: A systematic literature sea...

The objective was to test the hypotheses that treatment with a GnRH antagonist, cetrorelix, in combination with progesterone will i) induce synchronous emergence of a new follicular wave and ovulation...

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), on mammary gland development of...

The duration of endometrial edema has been positively correlated with uterine receptivity and likelihood of pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether there is a relationship between t...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous GnRH administration at the beginning of estrus synchronisation in mares during the spring transitional period. Estrus was synchroni...

Disclosure: A.V. Baaske: None. S. Shirin: None. C. Bos: None. D. Kalidasan: None. J.C. Prior: None. Background: Tanner Breast Stage 3 (TB3, at menarche) and Tanner 5 (TB5, once ovulatory cycles establ...

Background: Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination on human menstrual cycle characteristics have been observed, but limited data are available on the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status ...

Background: Perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is widespread and has been linked with gynecologic disease. To our knowledge, no study has measured PFAS in endometrial tissue. Methods: ...

Background: Ovarian hormones affect cardiovascular health yet few sufficient-sized studies with reliable ovulatory documentation have assessed the QTc-hormonal relationship. This study investigated QT...

Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of messenger RNA (mRNA) and inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines on ovarian histology and reserve in rats. Methods: Thirty fe...

IN BRIEF: Progesterone supplementation reverses 83% of transcript changes in the secretory endometrium induced by postovulatory mifepristone, potentially mitigating its antiprogestogenic effects. ABST...

INTRODUCTION: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in girls and women is under-recognised and under-researched, despite increasing awareness of clinical challenges and unmet needs. This rev...

Influential guidelines have supported the role of metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) for a number of years. However, regulatory approvals for this therapeutic indication a...

The human menopause is hypothesized to be an adaptive trait that allows post-reproductive females to invest in, and avoid reproductive conflict with, their existing offspring and grand-offspring, ther...

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious complication commonly encountered in patients with infertility undergoing ovulation induction therapy. This study investigates histomorphological ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the novel protocol-progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), in patients undergoing in...

PURPOSE: Prior studies in fresh embryo transfer IVF cycles have associated elevated serum progesterone level on day of ovulatory trigger, particularly if ≥ 1.5 ng/ml, with decreased pregnancy rates. A...

Background & objectives Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy characterised by menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, acne, obesity, infertility, and other features adversely affec...

STUDY QUESTION: What are the effects of three-times-a-day 10 mg oral dydrogesterone (DYD), initiated in the late follicular phase of natural menstrual cycles to induce endometrial receptivity for froz...

During early pregnancy, human endometrial stromal cells differentiate into secretory decidual cells via a process regulated by ovarian steroid hormones. Decidual cells play a crucial role by secreting...

INTRODUCTION: Pincus and his group's initial research on hormonal contraception focused on progesterone. However, the natural compound could not be utilized in clinical practice because of the high in...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vaginal progesterone used to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This is ...

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia significantly influence female hormone regulation and reproductive health. Despite increasing research, the complex pathways by which nutritional...

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers in women, with a short overall survival and poor prognosis. Besides the biologically aggressive EC properties, Cancer-associated c...

Study question: How should premature/primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) be diagnosed and managed based on the best available evidence from published literature?Summary answerThe current guideline pro...

STUDY Question: How should premature/primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) be diagnosed and managed, based on the best available evidence from published literature? SUMMARY ANSWER: The current guidelin...

Background: Premature ovarian insufficiency/failure (POI/POF) is a significant issue for women of reproductive age. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a potential biomarker of ovarian reserve, but its cl...

STUDY Question: Are serum vitamin D levels associated with the incidence of endometrial polyps (EPs) in infertile patients? SUMMARY ANSWER: Serum 25(OH)D levels were nonlinearly correlated with the i...

Introduction: Hormones produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal (HPAG) axis are crucial for modulating central nervous system (CNS) function and development throughout a person's life. D...

STUDY Question: Could the risk of subsequent pregnancy loss be predicted based on the risk factors of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) patients? SUMMARY ANSWER: A nomogram, constructed from independent...

Hypoandrogenemia is not usually considered as a potential cause of recurrent miscarriage. We present the case of a 30-year-old female with 6 previous pregnancies resulting in one live birth and 5 preg...

Background: Women living with HIV commonly experience low areal bone mineral density (BMD), but whether this is affected by low ovarian hormonal states (prolonged amenorrhea or menopause) is unknown. ...

Studies have shown that the occurrence and development of endometriosis are closely linked to long-term psychological stress. The specific contribution of chronic stress to the metabolic adaptations i...

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), a major cause of uterine infertility, is pathologically characterized by endometrial fibrosis. Current treatments for IUA have poor efficacy with high recurrence rate, and...

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become popular as an adjunct to fertility treatment for women with infertility, particularly those with low ovarian reserve and premature ovarian insufficienc...

The deleterious effects of chemical or non-chemical endocrine disruptors (EDs) on male fertility potential is well documented but still not fully elucidated. For example, the detection of industrial c...

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of thyroid autoantibodies and serum TSH levels on clinical IVF outcomes. Materials and Methods: This study included 260 Korean women scheduled fo...

A recent Perspective article asserted that progesterone secretion during ovulatory cycles is the cause of breast cancer. However, we challenge most of the evidence developed in this publication. First...

Introduction: Current use of combined hormonal contraceptives worsens glucose tolerance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus at late fertile age, but the impact of their former use on th...

We agree with Lega and colleagues[1][1] that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been shown in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be effective and safe for treating problematic vasomotor symptoms...

Hormone-based contraception disrupts hormonal balance, creating artificial states of anovulation and threatening women's health. We reviewed its main adverse effects and mechanisms on accelerated ovar...

Aim: Research on the effect of oral contraceptive (OC) use on the risk of depression shows inconsistent findings, especially in adult OC users. One possible reason for this inconsistency is the omissi...

Background: Ovarian rejuvenation is an innovative procedure intended to restore ovarian fertility and development during the climacteric and has been used to enhance fertility in women with premature ...

This study tested progesterone for perimenopausal hot flush ± night sweat (vasomotor symptom, VMS) treatment. It was a double-blind, randomized trial of 300 mg oral micronized progesterone@bedtime ver...

EDITORIAL article Front. Endocrinol., 16 May 2023Sec. Cellular Endocrinology Volume 14 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1214230

The development of highly potent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) allowed for a significant addition to options for the medical management of symptomatic endometriosis. Pituitary GnRH r...

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metab...

Early menopause (<45 years) has significant impacts on bone, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. Several studies have suggested earlier menopause for women living with HIV; however, the current lite...

Human embryogenesis is a complicated process by which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo. During the first eight weeks of development, the conceptus shifts from a single-celled zygote into a mul...

A chronic, painful, and inflammatory condition known as endometriosis is defined by the extra-uterine development of endometrial tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of...

Background: Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common gynecological disease with serious ramifications including low pregnancy rate and low estrogen symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine is reg...

Objectives: We sought to better understand factors associated with ovarian aging in women with HIV (WWH). Design: HIV has been associated with diminished fertility, younger age at menopause, and short...

Background: Metformin is the gold standard insulin sensitizer, which is widely used to treat insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, metformin may induce gastrointestinal side...

Endocrine disorders negatively influence the ovarian function, and increasing incidence of endocrine diseases with age may have further negative effects on pregnancy rate. Prospective cohort study of ...

Obesity in women of reproductive age has a number of adverse metabolic effects, including Type II Diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. It is associated with increased menstrual ir...

OPINION article Front. Endocrinol., 19 October 2022Sec. Reproduction Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.893889

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a disorder of ovarian function, which occurs in approximately 3.7% of women younger than 40 years of age.1 The aetiologies of most cases were unknown and usual...

Menopause is an aging process and an important time equivalent to one-third of a woman's lifetime. Menopause significantly increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabe...

Background: It has been hypothesized that, whenever estrogen levels decline, psychosis symptoms in women increase. At menopause, this can happen in two main ways: (a) the loss of estrogen (mainly estr...

Periodic vaginal bleeding occurs in humans (who are henceforth called “women,” a word describing culture as well as biology), old-world apes, and few other mammals. By current concepts, women’s menstr...

Objective: To evaluate the effects of He's Yangchao Recipe (HSYC) on ameliorating ovarian oxidative stress of aging mice under consecutive superovulation. Methods: An 8-month-old C57BL/6 female mouse...

Progesterone plays a key role in implantation. Several studies reported that lower luteal progesterone levels might be related to decreased chances of pregnancy. This systematic review was conducted u...

Objective: The study aims to address whether serum anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels fluctuate in the short term after medication application, including oral contraceptives (OCs), metformin (MET), G...

Stress is known to be associated with adverse health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated lockdowns are examples of chronic stressors. Lockdown measures inadvertently caused significant ...

To evaluate variations in micronutrient biomarker concentrations and deficiencies across the menstrual cycle in a cohort of healthy women. This prospective cohort study was conducted among healthy wom...

The aim of the current study was to characterize ovarian reserve parameters and IVF outcomes in women with a history of poor ovarian response (POR) treated with intraovarian injection of autologous pl...

LEARNING Objective: After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Discuss and outline the general and overlapping effects of the menstrual cycle on women's mental health. A...

Background: The incidence of depression in human females rises steadily throughout adolescence, a critical period of pubertal maturation marked by increasing levels of gonadal hormones including estro...

The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify subjects with hyperprolactinemia in a clinical sample of patients; (2) to compare the neurologic, psychiatric, and sleep conditions found in patients...

Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological and systemic diseases, with a remarkable immune background. Patients suffer from pain and fertility reduction. Due to the distinct immune componen...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases among women of reproductive age and is associated with many metabolic manifestations, such as obesity, insulin resistance ...

Background: Contraceptive agents are widely used by women of reproductive age, and resulting depression is the most common side effect of this usage. This study aimed to study the effect of monthly in...

Metabolic risk factors such as obesity are considered major obstacles to female fertility. Chronic infertility imposes psychological and social burdens on women because infertility violates societal g...

Couple infertility is a pathology with an absolute number of cases growing markedly over the last decade in connection mainly with the increased age of couples wishing to conceive. Platelet-rich plasm...

Purpose: Does the OPtimization of Thyroid function, Thrombophilia, Immunity, and Uterine Milieu (OPTIMUM) treatment strategy, developed for treating repeated implantation failure (RIF), contribute to ...

In recent years, consumption of ultra-processed food around the world has been increasing. The nutritional profile of an ultra-processed diet is associated with the development of cellular alterations...

PURPOSE: To investigate and propose a new simple tridimensional (3D) ultrasonographic method to diagnose a T-shaped uterus (Class U1a). METHODS: A multicenter non-experimental case-control diagnostic...

Background: Because of the widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and the devastating effects of depression both on an individual and a societal level, it is crucial to understand the nature of t...

Women's interest in sex is asserted to increase at the mid-cycle pre-ovulatory estradiol peak. We explored this belief in healthy, spontaneously normally menstruating/ovulating women. Women recorded "...

Purpose: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a novel treatment in various aspects of medicine including orthopedics, cardiothoracic surgery, plastic surgery, dermatology, dentistry, and diabetic wou...

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the major endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women, is not yet perceived as an important health problem in the world. It affects 4%-20% of women of re...

Context: Menstrual cycle is considered the fifth vital sign among women. This study aimed to summarize the menstrual disturbances in different endocrine disorders. Evidence Acquisition: In this narrat...

Importance: Catamenial epilepsy (CE) is exacerbated by hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Approximately 1.7 million women have epilepsy in the United States. CE affects more than 40% of...

Objective: To compare the effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), levonorgestrel (LNG) implant, and copper intrauterine device (IUD) on mood and sexual function. Methods: At the Effec...

RATIONALE: Functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) rarely produce vasopressin. Here, we reported a case of pNET producing vasopressin in a 78-year-old man with hyponatremia. PATIENT CONCE...

Objective: Sex steroid hormones potently shape brain functions, including those critical to maintain mental health such as serotonin signaling. Use of oral contraceptives (OCs) profoundly changes endo...

Objective: The use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) worsens glucose tolerance, but the risk for glucose metabolism disorders remains controversial. Design: The study is a prospective longitu...

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentration decreases with age, therefore, DHEA has been considered a hormone that reduces the symptoms associated with aging, so the usefulness of DHEA in premenopausa...

Fracture determinants differ between Canadians of Chinese and White descent, the former constituting the second largest visible minority group in Canada. The results of this study support the importan...

EDITORIAL NOTE: M.G. Showell, R. Mackenzie‐Proctor, V. Jordan, and R.J. Hart, “Antioxidants for Female Subfertility,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 8 (2020): CD007807, https://doi.org/1...

Background An instrument to help clinicians to evaluate the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at-a-glance is lacking.

Estradiol is the "prototypic" sex hormone of women. Yet, women have another sex hormone, which is often disregarded: Progesterone. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on prog...

Numerous evidences have alerted on the toxic effects of the exposure to glyphosate on living organisms. Glyphosate is the herbicide most used in crops such as maize and soybean worldwide, which implie...

Autoimmune disorders are characterized as a condition in which the host's immune system mistakenly attacks itself. These disorders cause the immune system to cause a systemic reaction by attacking mul...

Interventions to prevent pregnancy complications have been largely unsuccessful. We suggest this is because the foundation for a healthy pregnancy is laid prior to the establishment of the pregnancy a...

Oral contraception (OC) is used by approximately fifty-five million women in the USA alone and is listed as an essential medicine by the World Health Organisation. Altered mood is a common reason for ...

Endometrial cancer1 and oligomenorrhea2 are common risks for women living with androgenic PCOS (WLWP); cyclic progesterone therapy could prevent both. Cyclic oral micronized progesterone therapy (Cycl...

Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Several small trials have suggested that progesterone supplementation may reduce the risk of miscarriage in women with recurrent or threaten...

Despite research indicating that sleep disorders influence reproductive health, the effects of sleep on reproductive hormone concentrations are poorly characterized. We prospectively followed 259 regu...

All multicellular organisms host microbial communities in and on their bodies, and these microbiomes can have major influences on host biology. Most research has focussed on the oral, skin, and gut mi...

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of berberine on reproductive endocrine and metabolic outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: PubMed (from 1950), the Cochrane Libr...

Female fecundity is finely regulated by hormonal signaling, representing a potential target for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Among the chemicals of most concern are the perfluoroalkyl substances (P...

This review is to challenge current concepts of women’s reproduction with its cultural over-emphasis on estrogen and positive actions, while progesterone tends to be ignored or associated with negativ...

Background: Women who experience pregnancy loss are especially prone to high stress, though the effects of stress on reproductive outcomes in this vulnerable population are unknown. We assessed relati...

STUDY QUESTION: Is pre-conception 25(OH)D associated with the per cycle probability of conception, i.e fecundability, in a prospective cohort study? SUMMARY ANSWER: There are suggestive associations ...

BACKGROUND: Prior studies among women with impaired fecundity have consistently demonstrated a positive association between daily perceived stress and the ability to conceive. However, the effects of ...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in nutraceuticals, which may be considered as an efficient, preventive, and therapeutic tool in facing different pathological conditions, including t...

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemical with nearly ubiquitous, involuntary exposure. Previous studies have shown that BPA causes reproductive dysfunction in an...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder associated with hyperandrogenism and anovulation. Although a spectrum disorder, many women with PCOS exhibit elevated luteiniz...

Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endo...

During the postpartum and menopausal periods of women's lives, there is a well-established and significant drop of circulating estrogens. This may be the reason why both these periods are associated w...

Background: Some authorities have found that, when the mean follicular diameter is >25 mm, the follicle is considered large, and these authorities are convinced that large follicles are biomarkers to ...

BACKGROUND: Thyroid disease is the second most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Subclinical hypothyroidism is diagnosed by an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone concent...

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly correlated with obesity and cardiovascular risk, but the importance of dietary carbohydrate independent of weight loss in MetS treatment remains controv...

Background: Bleeding in early pregnancy is strongly associated with pregnancy loss. Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Several small trials have suggested that progesterone th...

Parity and lactation showed no associations with incident clinical fragility fractures or radiographic vertebral compression fractures in the 16-year CaMos prospective study. Parity was associated wit...

Sclerostin is an osteocyte-produced glycoprotein that inhibits the WNT/β-catenin pathway essential for bone formation. Sclerostin was postulated to relate to normal bone metabolism in 2001; we still h...

AIMS: Opioid receptor blockers such as naloxone and naltrexone have been suggested to have a bone mass-increasing effect. However, the mechanisms at play have not been clarified. We examined the effec...

Fetal survival and development is supported by the maternal immune system. Questions regarding those mechanisms have risen from development of transplantation medicine and observation of graft rejecti...

Background: Three prior cases of hemoperitoneum associated with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have been reported in adolescents. This reports a case of hemoperitoneum after ovulation in an adult. CASE...

Trying to kick drug addiction without medicines is said to be like relying on willpower to overcome diabetes or asthma. Enter naltrexone, which has been around since 1984 and reduces the cravings for ...

Background: Although the 2017 Endocrine Society Guidelines for gender dysphoria stipulated that cross-sex hormone therapy (CHT) achieve gonadal steroid levels equivalent to those of a cisperson of the...

Laparoscopic surgery has become an efficient tool for many complex surgical procedures. In last decades, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become a more viable option for removal of adrenal pathology, wi...

The Coat-A-Count® radioimmunoassay has been long and widely used to determine the concentration of progesterone in serum or plasma of bitches (progRIA), but was discontinued in 2014. The Immulite® 100...

This report presents the case of a woman aged 40 who has experienced premature menopause from the age of 35. Having rejected oocyte donation, she opted for intraovarian injection of autologous platele...

The purpose of this review was to determine whether there is evidence that ovulation can occur in women using hormonal contraceptives and whether these drugs might inhibit implantation. We performed a...

To assess prospectively luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients with and without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and healthy contro...

A cohort of 141 males (18-80 yo, 42.9 ± 12.9) strongly suspected of being Insulin Resistant (IR) was prospectively studied by determining their insulin sensitivity (Pancreatic Suppression Test, PST) a...

The purpose of this paper is to review the current clinical uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the field of gynecology. All relevant articles published from January 2000 to December 2017 were revie...

This review's purpose is to highlight evidence that oral micronized progesterone (progesterone) is effective for hot flushes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms, VMS), improves sleep and is likely sa...

Estradiol (E2) is women's dominant 'bone hormone' since it is essential for development of adolescent peak bone mineral density (BMD) and physiological levels prevent the rapid (3-week) bone resorptio...

Although minerals are linked to several reproductive outcomes, it is unknown whether dietary minerals are associated with ovulatory function. We hypothesised that low intakes of minerals would be asso...

To the Editor: We read with interest the editorial by Cummings and Eastell,1 A History of Pivotal Advances in Clinical Research in Bone and Mineral Diseases, published in a recent issue of the JBMR. I...

Objective: Explore potential relationships between preovulatory, periovulatory, and luteal-phase characteristics in normally cycling women. Design: Observational study. Setting: Eight European natural...

Sex hormones significantly impact women's lives. Throughout the different stages of life, from menarche to menopause and all stages in between, women experience dramatic fluctuations in the levels of ...

Approximately 33% of normal-length (21⁻35 days) cycles have subclinical ovulatory disturbances and lack sufficient progesterone, although their normal length ensures enough estrogen. Subclinical ovula...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of female infertility worldwide and corresponds with a high degree of comorbidities and economic burden. How PCOS is passed on from one generation to...

High usage of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, which include the intramuscular injectables depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM, Depo-Provera) and norethisterone (NET) enanthate (NET-EN ...

Aim: Gonadotropin stimulation is used as the second line of treatment in patients with thin endometrium following clomiphene citrate (CC) administration, which is associated with higher cost, multiple...

BACKGROUND & Aims: Many women experience emotional and physical symptoms around the time of ovulation and more so before menstruation interfering with their daily normal life also known as premenstrua...

Reports on clinical uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have dramatically increased in the last decade. Indications for PRP therapy range from muscle and skeletal injuries to hair re-growth. More recen...

CONTEXT: The long-term effects of metformin in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are inadequately studied. OBJECTIVE: The effects of metformin on women with PCOS during 24 months with res...

Concern has been raised over increased male reproductive disorders in the Western world, and the disruption of male endocrinology has been suggested to play a central role. Several studies have shown ...

Context: The long-term effects of metformin in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are inadequately studied. Objective: The effects of metformin on women with PCOS during 24 months with res...

CONTEXT: Unexplained infertility (UI), defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse with no diagnosed cause, affects 10% to 30% of infertile couples. An improved und...

The concept of the ovarian continuum can be understood as a process that occurs during a woman's lifetime and begins during intrauterine life with fertilization. Women start their reproductive years w...

The incidence of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity continues to increase. In addition to the well-known contributors to these disorders, such as food intake and sedentary lifestyle,...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)’s rate is about 6% to10% among the reproductive aged women; it is characterized by menstrual cycle irregularity with oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resis...

OBJECTIVES: Curcumin protects the liver against injury and fibrosis through suppressing hepatic inflammation, attenuating hepatic oxidative stress (OS), and inhibiting hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) ac...

Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify the...

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that the use of inositol and folic acid from the first trimester of pregnancy, counteracts the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women at ...

Study Question: How are concentrations of plasma homocysteine and serum folate associated with reproductive hormones and anovulation in regularly menstruating women? Summary Answer: Higher homocystei...

This review article summarizes the epidemiological findings published between 2011 and 2016 concerning bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, pesticides, air pollution, fracking chemicals, triclosan,...

Study question: Are maternal preconception lipid levels associated with fecundability?Summary answerFecundability was reduced for all abnormal female lipid levels including total cholesterol, low-dens...

Context: Inflammation is linked to causes of infertility. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) may improve reproductive success in women with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Objective: To investigate the effect o...

Semen liquefaction changes semen from a gel-like to watery consistency and is required for sperm to gain mobility and swim to the fertilization site in the Fallopian tubes. Kallikrein-related peptidas...

COSPONSORING ASSOCIATIONS: The American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the European Society of Endocrinology, and the Pediatric Endocrine Society. This guideline was funded by the Endocrine Societ...

Clinical evidences have highlighted the efficacy of myo-inositol and selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. Aim of this study was to further analyze the role of myo-inositol plus seleniu...

STUDY QUESTION: Is diethylstilbestrol (DES), a prototypical endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), able to induce physiological changes in human spermatozoa and affect progesterone actions? SUMMARY ANS...

Introduction: Deterioration in sexual functioning is one of the major and serious complications of diabetes. This common metabolic disorder not only affects sexuality through microvascular and nerve d...

There has been concerning about women receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) contraception because of the prolonged hypoestrogenemic state regarding the potential negative effects on bone ...

Delphinidin anthocyanins have previously been associated with the inhibition of glucose absorption. Blood glucose lowering effects have been ascribed to maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) extracts in...

This review explains the main effects exerted by sex steroids and other hormones on the adolescent brain. During the transition from puberty to adolescence, these hormones participate in the organizat...

Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in PCOS. Insulin-sensitizer agents such as metformin and inositols have been shown to improve the endocrine and metabolic aspects of PCOS. The purpose of t...

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a potentially life-threatening, but preventable iatrogenic complication of in vitro fertilisation treatment. In recent years, new strategies have been developed to...

Background: Clinicians often recommend limiting caffeine intake while attempting to conceive; however, few studies have evaluated the associations between caffeine exposure and menstrual cycle functio...

Objective: Breast fibroadenoma is a common finding in young women and actually accounts for the majority of benign breast lumps. Fibroadenoma does not require any treatment unless clinical symptoms (m...

Objective Vitamin D is associated with markers of ovarian reserve in women of advanced reproductive age and in vitro studies suggest that vitamin D may influence anti‐mullerian hormone (AMH). Higher v...

Objective: To evaluate if antimüllerian hormone (AMH) is associated with pregnancy loss. Design: Prospective cohort study within a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the expression of progesterone receptors (A + B) and type-B progesterone receptors in the epithelial and stromal cells of fertile and infertile women. METHODS: Women were divide...

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid dysfunction has been described as a possible risk factor for having an abnormal fetal position at birth. In this study we aim to determine the association between thyroid function i...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International (Issn: 2456-9119) is dedicated to publish high quality papers in all areas of pharmaceutical Science including pharmaceutical drugs, community pharmacy...

We hypothesized that diet would have direct effects on glucose metabolism with direct and indirect effects on bone metabolism in a cohort of Canadian adults. We assessed dietary patterns (Prudent [fru...

Background: Evidence is growing that the equilibrium between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants plays a vital role in women's reproductive health. Objective: The objective of this study was to ...

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of endocrine disturbances in a group of HIV-positive (HIV+) women and to identify factors affecting presence of these disorders. To examine specifically wheth...

Objective: To evaluate whether myo-inositol supplementation may reduce gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rate in overweight women. Methods: In an open-label, randomized trial, myo-inositol (2 g plu...

Background: Casein-free, gluten-free diets have been reported to mitigate some of the inflammatory gastrointestinal and behavioral traits associated with autism, but the mechanism for this palliative ...

Objective: Adverse health outcomes related to exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, including increased incidences of coronary heart disease, prostate and testicular cancers, and congenital disa...

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is associated with fecundability among women with proven fecundity and a history of pregnancy loss. Design: T...

PURPOSE OF Review: Provide evidence-based recent data on oral micronized progesterone (OMP) and progestins in menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT). RECENT Findings: Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) incr...

Thyroid autoimmunity with normal thyroid function is associated with recurrent miscarriage (RM), but the association with live birth is less clear. Therefore, we determined the association between thy...

Background: Although habitual low-to-moderate alcohol intake has been linked with reduced all-cause mortality and morbidity, the effect of recent alcohol intake on female reproductive function has not...

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disorders among patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) compared with matched controls. Methods: In 2013-2014, an observa...

STUDY Question: To what extent does oral contraception (OC) impair ovarian reserve parameters in women who seek fertility assessment and counselling to get advice on whether their remaining reproducti...

The onset of puberty has been a fascinating topic for reproductive endocrinologists for decades; however, its underlying physiological mechanisms have remained elusive until recently. The discovery an...

Study Question: Does use of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication affect reproductive hormones and ovulatory function in premenopausal women? Summary Answer: Few associations were foun...

STUDY QUESTION: Are prospectively assessed dietary factors, including overall diet quality, macronutrients and micronutrients, associated with luteal phase deficiency (LPD) in healthy reproductive age...

Objective: Although it has been recommended that serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels should be targeted to middle-upper normal levels during levothyroxine (l-T4) replacement therapy in patients with cen...

The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damages, dysfunctions, and failures of various organs. An important complication of diabetes is the disturbance in the male reproductive system. Gluc...

More than one million new patients suffer from breast cancer annually in the world. In developed countries, breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among women, and in developing regions...

Objective: To assess the effects of both male and female body mass index (BMI), individually and combined, on IVF outcomes. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: University fertility center. PATI...

Introduction: Luteal phase deficiency (LPD), while commonly observed and managed in stimulated in-vitro fertilisation cycles, is a more contentious phenomenon in natural cycles. The challenge arises i...

Purpose: To determine whether depressive symptoms are associated with ovulation or reproductive hormone concentrations in eumenorrheic women without a reported diagnosis of clinical depression. Metho...

Study Question: Does serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) vary significantly throughout both ovulatory and sporadic anovulatory menstrual cycles in healthy premenopausal women? Summary Answer: Serum AM...

We investigated whether sexual activity was associated with reproductive function in the BioCycle Study, a prospective cohort study that followed 259 regularly menstruating women aged 18 to 44years fo...

Background: Individuals with diabetes have been found previously to be at increased risk of non-traumatic fracture. However, it is unclear if these individuals are being identified and treated for ost...

BACKGROUND: The age-related reduction in live-birth rate is attributed to a high rate of aneuploidy and follicle depletion. We showed in an animal model that treatment with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) marked...

Context: Hyperandrogenism is a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with irregular menses, yet the relationship between androgens and ovarian dysfunction remains poorly understood in ...

Selenium supplementation in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis might reduce antibody levels and result in a decreased dosage of levothyroxine (LT4) and may provide other beneficial effects (e.g. on m...

Clinical studies suggest that the injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases susceptibility to infections such as HIV-1, unlike the injectable contraceptive norethisterone en...

Thrombophilia alters normal hemostasis, shifting the balance in favor of thrombus formation. Inherited conditions include factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A mutation, deficiencies in natural a...

Context: Although adequate luteal hormone production is essential for establishing pregnancy, luteal phase deficiency (LPD) is poorly characterized among eumenorrheic women. Objective: We assessed th...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of leptin on reproductive hormones and ovulation. Study Design: The BioCycle Study (2005-2007) followed 259 healthy premenopausal wome...

Objectives: The potential effect of hormonal contraception on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission represents an important public health issue. Several observational studies have suggested an associatio...

Whether hormonal contraceptives increase HIV-1 acquisition, transmission and disease progression are critical questions. Clinical research has been hampered by a lack of understanding that different p...

Purpose: To evaluate the association between physical activity (PA) across the menstrual cycle and reproductive function. Methods: The BioCycle Study (2005-2007) followed 259 healthy premenopausal wo...

Background: Progesterone is effective treatment for hot flushes/night sweats. The cardiovascular effects of progesterone therapy are unknown but evidence suggests that premenopausal normal estradiol w...

Infertility is a relatively common health condition, affecting nearly 7% of all couples. Clinically, it is a highly heterogeneous pathology with a complex etiology that includes environmental and gene...

Background: Over 100 million women currently use oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) worldwide. However, little is known about the effects of OCPs on arterial stiffness and hemodynamics. Furthermore, whet...

Objective: To assess the association of total isoflavone intake with ovulatory function, including sporadic anovulation in healthy premenopausal women. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Unive...

Subclinical ovulatory disturbances (anovulation or short luteal phases within normal-length menstrual cycles) indicate lower progesterone-to-estrogen levels. Given that progesterone plays a bone forma...

According to the World Health Organization, infertility, associated with metabolic syndrome, has become a global issue with a 10%-20% incidence worldwide. An accumulating body of evidence has shown th...

An estimated 80% of sexually active young women in the United States use hormonal contraceptives during their reproductive years. Associations between hormonal contraceptive use and mood disturbances ...

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates several physiological functions, including immune function and apoptosis. The HIV-1 virus accessory protein, viral protein R (Vpr), can modulate the transcri...

Background: Concerns about weight gain may influence contraceptive use. We compared the change in body weight over the first 12 months of use between women using the etonogestrel (ENG) implant, the le...

Background: Progesterone with its anti-seizure effect plays a role in the pathophysiology of catamenial epilepsy which affects 31-60% of epileptic women. In this study, an attempt to treat women suffe...

CONTEXT: Patients previously treated with desiccated thyroid extract (DTE), when being switched to levothyroxine (L-T₄), occasionally did not feel as well despite adequate dosing based on serum TSH le...

Background: Above-ground and underground nuclear weapon detonation at the Nevada Test Site (1951-1992) has resulted in radioiodine exposure for nearby populations. Although the long-term effect of env...

Objective: Thyroid hormones and progesterone both influence core temperature, metabolism and are crucial during pregnancy. Our objective was to discover whether progesterone therapy caused changes in ...

OBJECTIVE: To present a series of cases demonstrating successful reversal of mifepristone effects in women who chose to reverse the medical abortion process. CASE REPORTS: Four of 6 women who took mi...

Obesity and high body mass index (BMI) are known to be risks for anovulation and infertility. Little is known about how BMI levels affect parameters of the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study w...

Background: Environmental chemicals may be associated with endometriosis. No published research has focused on the possible role of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) despite their widespread presence in human...

Background: Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of t...

Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common variants in genes associated with variation in bone mineral density (BMD), although most have been carried out in combined sample...

Menstruation has many of the features of an inflammatory process. The complexity and sequence of inflammatory-type events leading to the final tissue breakdown and bleeding are slowly being unravelled...

A controlled trial recently showed that oral micronized progesterone (Progesterone, 300 mg at h.s. daily) was effective for vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in 133 healthy early postmenopausal women. Here, we...

Objectives: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use has been identified as a risk factor for hip and vertebral fractures. Evidence supporting a relationship between PPI use and osteoporosis remains scant. Dem...

Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism, which requires lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy. Currently, no effective therapy is available for CA...

Vitamin D is essential for facilitating calcium absorption and preventing increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH), which can augment bone resorption. Our objectives were to examine serum levels of 25-h...

A reliable indirect measure of ovarian reserve for the individual woman remains a challenge for reproductive specialists. Using descriptive statistics from a large-scale study of ovarian volumes, we h...

BACKGROUND: An equivocal literature exists regarding the relation between persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) and endometriosis in women, with differences attributed to methodologies. OBJECTI...

Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an injectable contraceptive that contains the same progestin as the menopausal hormone therapy regimen found to increase breast cancer risk among postmenopau...

The oviduct is an important organ for successful mammalian reproduction. In this work, human oviducts were inseminated and their explants analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in order to study,...

Objective: To investigate the impact of antithyroid antibody on pregnancy outcome following the in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Methods: A total of 90 patients (156 cycles) posit...

Women with breast cancer face many challenges when considering fertility preservation. Delayed referral results in the limitation of fertility preservation options because most established methods, su...

Background: Hormonal contraceptives are used widely but their effects on HIV-1 risk are unclear. We aimed to assess the association between hormonal contraceptive use and risk of HIV-1 acquisition by ...

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs on the carcinogenic risk to humans concluded that combined oral oestrogen–progestogen contraceptives are carcinogenic to humans (IARC,...

We report menstrual and mid-cycle patterns of self-reported "fluid retention" in 765 menstrual cycles in 62 healthy women. Self-reported "fluid retention," commonly described as bloating, is one eleme...

The paper presents the main concepts of NaProTECHNOLOGY. Such problems as family planning effectiveness, targeted hormonal assessment of the menstrual cycle, ovarian hormone and target organ dysfuncti...

Objective: Administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may impair fertility. The occurrence of the luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome was assessed in women with inflammat...

In the modern environment one is exposed to various stressful conditions. Stress can lead to changes in the serum level of many hormones including glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone and p...

Neurophysiological and behavioral development is particularly complex in adolescence. Youngsters experience strong emotions and impulsivity, reduced self-control, and preference for actions which offe...

Cognitive abilities, such as verbal fluency and mental rotation, are most sensitive to changes in sex steroids but poorly studied in the context of hormonal contraceptive usage. Therefore, we investig...

Background: The associations between oral contraceptive (OC) use, bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of fractures remain controversial. Study Design: A cross-sectional study of 491 women aged 50...

Background: Triple-negative (ie, estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) breast cancer occurs disproportionately among African American women compared with white women and is...

Perimenopause, women's normal midlife reproductive transition, is highly symptomatic for about 20% of women who are currently inaccurately counseled and inappropriately treated with oral contraceptive...

Spermatozoon acrosome reaction is an exocytotic event of the utmost importance for the development of mammalian fertilisation. Current evidence shows that the triggering of the acrosome reaction (AR) ...

Perimenopause, rather than a time of declining estrogen, is characterized by three major hormonal changes that may begin in regularly menstruating women in their mid-thirties: erratically higher estra...

Women's menstrual cycles and bone remodeling are linked in part by their co-dependency on the stressand resource-associated variables that govern both of their cyclical natures. Therefore, it is not s...

Estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) collaborate within bone remodelling on resorption (E(2)) and formation (P(4)). We integrate evidence that P(4) may prevent and, with antiresorptives, treat wom...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and disordered gonadotropin secretion, often associated with insulin resistance. The syndrome, which modulates b...

BACKGROUND: There are many types of ovarian activity that occur in women. This review provides information on the relationship between the hormone values and the degree of biological response to the h...

Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent feature associated wit...

Background: Previous studies convincingly showed an increase in risk of breast cancer associated with current or recent use of oral contraceptives from the 1960s to 1980s. The relation of contemporary...

This population-based study suggests that use of DMPA is associated with a slightly increased risk of fractures.

Background: Oral contraceptive formulations have changed over time, making it relevant to assess the effect of more recent formulations on breast cancer risk. In addition, some studies have found stro...

CONTEXT: The definition of what constitutes a normal TSH during pregnancy is in flux. Recent studies suggested that the first trimester upper limit of normal for TSH should be 2.5 mIU/liter. OBJECTIV...

Objective: To summarize physiological and psychological characteristics that are common among women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and provide evidence suggesting that addressing psyc...

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a steroid receptor that regulates diverse functions, which include the immune response. In humans, the GR acts via binding to cortisol, resulting in the transcripti...

Context: Cross-sectional studies have found associations among elevated cognitive dietary restraint (CDR), increased ovulatory disturbances, and lower bone mass, possibly mediated by cortisol. Object...

STUDY Objective: To compare the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with those of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) as single-hormone therapies in women who underw...

Celiac disease is an intestinal inflammatory disease that is triggered by gluten in the diet. Patients present with a wide array of symptoms due to malabsorption that include diarrhea, abdominal pain,...

Progesterone is essential for endometrial receptivity and successful establishment of pregnancy. Either an insufficient progesterone concentration or an insufficient response to progesterone, therefor...

Sperm chemotaxis is a chemical guiding mechanism that may orient spermatozoa to the egg surface. A picomolar concentration gradient of Progesterone (P), the main steroidal component secreted by the cu...

We examined the cyclicity of negative mood relative to ovulation and ovulation disturbances in Menstrual Cycle Diary(c) data collected daily during a 1-year study of ovulation, exercise, and bone chan...

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between suboptimal maternal thyroid function during gestation and breech presentation at term. DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study during three trimesters of gest...

BACKGROUND: Dehydroepinadrosterone (DHEA) supplementation improves pregnancy chances in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), by possibly reducing aneuploidy. Since a large majority of spontane...

This review will address the current understanding of the relationship between prolactin (PRL) and endometriosis-associated infertility. Although the exact mechanisms of action of hyperprolactinemia i...

Estrogen receptor (ER) status is an important biomarker in defining subtypes of breast cancer differing in antihormonal therapy response, risk factors and prognosis. However, little is known about ass...

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (677C>T, 1298A>C) cause elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations and have been linked to fatal outcomes after nitrous o...

Menstruation is the cyclic, orderly sloughing of the uterine lining on account of the interactions of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. There is a tendency among parents a...

Objective: To determine the effect of luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) cycles on frozen thawed embryo transfer (FET). Design: A retrospective analysis comparing the clinical outcomes after FET amo...

The acrosome is a secretory vesicle located in the sperm head. The acrosome reaction consists in the fusion of the sperm plasma membrane with the external acrosomal membrane. It has been observed that...

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of epilepsy on the reproductive hormones levels among female patients, and to investigate the frequency of catamenial pattern of seizures. Methods: A total of...

In 1980, Espey proposed a famous hypothesis that mammalian ovulation is comparable to an inflammatory reaction and many researches have proved the validity of his hypothesis in the last three decades....

In the light of similarities between premenstrual syndrome and toxaemia, and the fact that treatment of the former with progesterone not only relieved the symptoms (Greene and Dalton, 1953) but also p...

It is well understood that a myriad of complex steps occur between the time of ejaculation and the union of the haploid number of chromosomes from each partner that results in the final process of fer...

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is non-uniformly associated with insulin resistance (IR). We examined IR in women with PCOS. Methods: Sixty-nine PCOS women were subjected to the insulin ...

Objective: Hormone-based contraceptives affect mood in healthy women or in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). No study has yet examined their association with mood in women with major ...

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in western countries. A number of risk factors are now known, but the etiology of the disease is not fully understood. The aim of this st...

Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occurs predominantly in women, and hormones may play a role in its etiology. This study was carried out to examine associations between female reproductiv...

For many years, osteoporosis in women was equated with estrogen deficiency. The recent articles by Zaidi and colleagues offer a new challenge to the estrogen-deficiency-osteoporosis hypothesis by show...

Ordinary women and official statements confuse and conflate perimenopause—the long, complex, life phase of higher and chaotic estrogen levels—with the low and stable estrogen levels of menopause. This...

Background: Understanding the effect of oral contraceptives on risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers is important because oral contraceptive use is a common, modifiable practice. ...

Introduction: It has been suggested that hormonal risk factors act predominantly on estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-positive breast cancers. However, the data have been inconsisten...

Thyroid disease in general, and hypothyroidism in particular, are very common in women. In the USA, the most common cause of primary thyroid deficiency is on an autoimmune basis due to lymphocytic (Ha...

To the Editor: In the discussion of biologic differences between male and female fertility (April 6 issue),1 Federman states that women are fertile for only 12 hours each month. Although the egg is vi...

CONTEXT: Euthyroid women with autoimmune thyroid disease show impairment of thyroid function during gestation and seem to suffer from a higher rate of obstetrical complications. OBJECTIVE: We sought ...

Estrogen exposure is a major determinant of the risk of breast cancer. This article reviews how genotoxic, mutagenic metabolites of estrogen and stimulation of tissue growth by the hormone participate...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism for declining sperm motility in older men. DESIGN: Retrospective and prospective study. SETTING: University-based andrology unit. PATIENT(S): Semen...

Estrogen and progestin combination in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the incidence of breast cancer, but decreases the endometrial cancer risk of unopposed estrogen. Therefore, a SERM suc...

The purpose of this review is to put into a useful clinical context the changing over time of basic ovarian-pituitary-hypothalamic relationships during perimenopause. "Perimenopause" means changes in ...

Progesterone products are available in prescription form as well as over-the-counter (OTC) topical preparations sold for "cosmetic" uses. In a randomized study design, the authors compared the drug ex...

Our recent study showed a dose-response relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the risk of early pregnancy loss. Smoking is known to affect female reproductive hormones. We explore...

Objective: To analyze IVF outcomes in patients with a history of one or more elevations in basal FSH who have a normal basal FSH at the start of their IVF cycle, compared with the general IVF populati...

Background: The rise in FSH (FSHr) that leads to the recruitment of a cohort of follicles during the menstrual cycle occurs during the luteal-follicular transition, however, it is unclear whether it c...

AIMS: To investigate the presence of the antigliadin antibodies in the patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. METHODOLOGY: Four hundred patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (2...

The new third generation aromatase inhibitors are extremely potent and specific oral inhibitors of estrogen production. We reported the success of using aromatase inhibitors for induction of ovulation...

Objective: Previous reports of an association between low testosterone levels and diabetes risk were often confounded by covariation of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone measurement...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of metformin administration on spontaneous LH episodic release in a group of nonobese polycystic ovary (PCOS) patients. DESIGN: Controlled clinical study. SETTING:...

Disruptions along the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis — including luteal phase deficiency, inadequate LH surges, and follicular maturation failure — are among the most common and underdiagnosed co...

Amenorrhea and anovulation represent a spectrum of hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, and end-organ etiologies that must be differentiated through systematic hormonal and anatomical evaluation before t...

Ovarian dysfunction — encompassing luteal insufficiency, abnormal folliculogenesis, and anovulation — is treated in NaProTECHNOLOGY with cycle-timed interventions including HCG trigger, progesterone s...

Normal estradiol and progesterone reference ranges in NaProTECHNOLOGY are derived from fertile, ovulatory cycles with confirmed CrMS Peak days and sonographic ovulation, with blood sampling timed to P...

Both overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction are recognized in NaProTECHNOLOGY as significant causes of cycle-level reproductive abnormalities -- including oligomenorrhea, anovulation, luteal phase ...

Early pregnancy loss encompasses biochemical pregnancy, embryonic demise, and missed abortion, each distinguished by specific hormonal profiles and ultrasound criteria within the NaProTECHNOLOGY surve...

The content and sequence of the introductory and follow-up instructional sessions that constitute the formal CrMS education series are outlined, covering observation technique, recording conventions, ...

NaProTECHNOLOGY uses the Peak Day of the Creighton Model chart — the last day of the most fertile-type cervical mucus — as the reference point for dating conception, providing a biologically grounded ...

Hilgers presents a refined classification of follicular and luteal phase deficiencies grounded in the integration of CrMS mucus pattern characteristics, cycle-phase-targeted estradiol and progesterone...

Cumulative pregnancy and live birth data from the Pope Paul VI Institute document NaProTECHNOLOGY outcomes across diagnostic categories including unexplained infertility, endometriosis, PCOD, and tuba...

The FertilityCare Practitioner (FCP) is the trained educator and coach who teaches the Creighton Model FertilityCare System to clients, standardizes charting methodology, and serves as the primary dat...

Patients who have undergone multiple failed IVF cycles and are counseled to abandon fertility treatment represent a significant NaProTECHNOLOGY cohort in whom undiagnosed correctable pathology — inclu...

Adaptations of CrMS instruction for physiologically distinct reproductive states — including breastfeeding, post-hormonal contraceptive use, long or irregular cycles, and premenopause — are described ...

Structured postoperative management following PEARS procedures addresses wound care, pain control, early ambulation, hormonal support, and surveillance for complications including bleeding, infection,...

Preconceptional optimization using CrMS cycle data establishes hormonal baselines, identifies correctable pathologies, and guides targeted supplementation before conception is attempted. Systematic pr...

Endometriosis impairs fertility through direct mechanical distortion of pelvic anatomy, peritoneal inflammatory mediators, and hormonal micro-environment alterations that reduce implantation potential...

Escalating rates of contraceptive use, abortion, divorce, child abuse, teenage pregnancy, and out-of-wedlock births over the preceding four decades are documented as interconnected indicators of syste...

The Creighton Model's standardized daily vulvar observation system -- recording discharge color, consistency, quantity, and sensation -- allows chronic pathological discharges (persistent yellow or cl...

Hilgers distinguishes isomolecular hormones -- molecules structurally identical to endogenous estradiol and progesterone -- from heteromolecular artimones, his term for synthetic analogues such as med...

Infertility is not merely a reproductive inconvenience but frequently signals systemic or hormonal pathology — including polycystic ovarian disease, endometriosis, thyroid dysfunction, and immune abno...

Chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea in reproductive-age women most commonly reflect undertreated endometriosis, adenomyosis, ovarian dysfunction, or pelvic adhesive disease rather than psychosomatic ...

Compounding pharmacists prepare individualized hormone formulations — including HCG, progesterone, and thyroid preparations — that are central to NaProTECHNOLOGY treatment protocols, where standardize...

Chronic anovulation and progesterone or estradiol deficiency identified through CrMS charting represent periods of suboptimal bone accrual in women of reproductive age, because both estradiol and prog...

Postpartum depression in susceptible women is linked to abrupt postpartum progesterone withdrawal following the high-progesterone state of pregnancy, particularly in those with prior PMS, luteal phase...

Serum estradiol and progesterone assays vary substantially across laboratories because of differences in antibody specificity, calibration standards, detection platforms, and quality-control practices...

CrMS charting features -- Peak day definition, pre-Peak mucus quality and duration, post-Peak phase length, and premenstrual spotting -- are systematically compared against sonographic and endocrine f...

Family physicians trained in NaProTECHNOLOGY serve as primary coordinators of medical management — prescribing targeted hormone support, monitoring biomarker trends, and triaging surgical referrals — ...

Cooperative progesterone and estrogen replacement therapy administers bioidentical hormones in precise synchrony with the woman's CrMS-identified Peak day -- beginning progesterone at P+2 or P+3 and c...

A systematic framework for managing patient cases within the CrMS-NaProTECHNOLOGY system is presented, addressing how FCPs and medical consultants collaborate to identify abnormal chart patterns, init...

Physiological and psychological stress disrupts hypothalamic GnRH pulsatility via CRH-cortisol pathways, producing downstream impairments in LH and FSH secretion that manifest as anovulation, delayed ...

Pelvic adhesions from prior infection, surgery, or endometriosis restrict tubal motility, occlude the fimbriae, and distort ovarian-tubal relationships, constituting a primary mechanical barrier to na...

Family physicians are optimally positioned to introduce NaProTECHNOLOGY to patients presenting with infertility, irregular cycles, or recurrent pregnancy loss during routine primary care, enabling ear...

Women with persistent or continuous vaginal discharges — including those from chronic cervicitis, hormonal imbalance, or other gynecologic sources — present a distinct charting challenge, and this cha...

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is examined through a systematic NaProTECHNOLOGY diagnostic framework that includes hormonal, anatomical, immunological, and infectious etiologies identified via CrMS cy...

Serial progesterone measurement timed to the luteal phase and early pregnancy using CrMS Peak Day-referenced protocols reveals luteal insufficiency and early placental progesterone inadequacy that are...

Preterm birth affects 12% of all births in the United States. Recent studies support the hypothesis that progesterone supplementation reduces preterm birth in a select group of women (ie, those with a...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate in the rat in terms of number of ovarian follicles; endometrial thickness; and serum levels of E2, FSH, LH, and T. DESIGN: Contro...

The third-generation aromatase inhibitors were initially introduced to treat postmenopausal breast cancer. We now realize that many other potential indications for aromatase inhibitors exist, especial...

Besides the natural progestin, progesterone, there are different classes of progestins, such as retroprogesterone (i.e. dydrogesterone), progesterone derivatives (i.e. medrogestone) 17alpha-hydroxypro...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects about 4 to 6% of women of reproductive age and accounts for at least 75% of hyperandrogenic patients. PCOS is diagnosed by the presence of oligo-ovulation and ...

OBJECTIVE: To confirm that hCG levels in follicular fluid and serum would be comparable between i.m. and s.c. administration of purified hCG. DESIGN: In a prospective study, serum and follicular flui...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of direct effects of metformin on ovarian steroidogenesis. DESIGN: Cultured ovarian cells. SETTING: Academic research environment. PATIENT(S): Women underg...

To review the use of hCG and to describe the clinical benefit of recombinant hCG (r-hCG) based on the published results of prospective, randomized studies. Review of published articles. Tertiary infer...

OBJECTIVE: In women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), correction of hyperinsulinemia results enhances spontaneous ovulation or alternatively, the responsiveness to ovulation induction a...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. Although the etiology of PCOS is unknown, perturbations of gonadotropin secretion are one of t...

Several minerals and trace elements are essential for normal thyroid hormone metabolism, e.g., iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc. Coexisting deficiencies of these elements can impair thyroid function. ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of reduction of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia associated with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on FSH-stimulated ovarian aromatase activity. DESIGN...

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence that polycystic ovary syndrome is a genetic disease. DESIGN: Review of published literature. RESULTS: The existing literature provides a strong basis for arguing th...

OBJECTIVE: To prove that several days of low-dose hCG alone can be used to stimulate folliculogenesis, complete FSH-initiated follicle/oocyte maturation, and achieve pregnancy in assisted reproduction...

Objective: Estrogen and prolactin may accelerate the progression of murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In humans, 85% of lupus patients are women, which also suggests the importance of hormona...

This study examined pain sensitivity and pain modularity mechanisms (e.g., beta-endorphin levels, blood pressure) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD; n = 27) and healthy controls (n =...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Prospective data analysi...

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of an antifibrotic treatment by a combination of pentoxifylline (PTX) and tocopherol (vitamin E) in patients with a thin endometrium who were enrolled in an oocyte d...

Aromatase activity is absent in normal endometrium. In contrast, aromatase is expressed aberrantly in endometriosis, which gives rise to strikingly high levels of aromatase activity in this tissue. Bo...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole with FSH for ovarian stimulation in poor responders undergoing ovarian superovulation and IUI. DESIGN: Observational cohort study as...

Intensive FSH stimulation is a key tool of assisted reproduction technology but can cause severe complications through the development of an excessive number of small ovarian follicles. We tested the ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether metformin safely reduced development of gestational diabetes in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Prospective and retrospective study. SETTING: Ou...

The implantation of fertilized ova and the formation of the placenta are crucial steps in reproduction. This review summarizes current information about these steps, including some of the molecular me...

Perimenopause, a complex physiological transition for midlife women, begins with changes in experiences many years before cycles become irregular, oestradiol levels decrease or follicle-stimulating ho...

Estrogen replacement therapy is associated with improvement of cognitive deficits and reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. To compare the impact of therapeutically relevant progestins on estrogen...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of Crinone 8% intravaginal progesterone gel vs. IM progesterone for luteal phase and early pregnancy support after IVF-ET. DESIGN: Randomized, open-label study. SE...

BACKGROUND: This study examined changes in the luteal vasculature throughout the menstrual cycle and during simulated pregnancy with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in the human. METHODS: Endothe...

The role of luteal phase estrogen in pregnancy outcome has been a matter of considerable debate. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of estrogen supplementation in gonadotropin releasing hormone ag...

Innumerable studies have attempted to demonstrate that hormonal support of the luteal phase during ovulation induction cycles improves pregnancy rates. None has, however, so far been able to confirm t...

This review presents data to suggest that postnatal estradiol and progesterone replacement therapy may be beneficial in preterm infants. During pregnancy, maternal plasma levels of estradiol and proge...

Women have twice the incidence of major depression compared with men. They are prone to develop episodes of depression during times of reproductive hormonal change at puberty, with use of oral contrac...

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) pregnancy rates improve with the replacement of multiple embryos. The specific number of embryos to be transferred (typically between two and four) is based on...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in the management of premenstrual syndrome. DESIGN: Systematic review of published randomised, placebo controlled trials. STUDIES...

Previous animal research suggests that progesterone may have powerful neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This experiment tested the hypothesis that progesterone levels correlate ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the direct effect of metformin on thecal cell androgen production. SETTING: Basic science research laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas. INTERVENTION(S):...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of i.m. P and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-HPC) for luteal phase support, in patients undergoing IVF-ET cycles. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized stu...

Despite the widespread use of clomiphene citrate (CC) for ovulation induction, the pregnancy rates (PRs) in women who take CC are less than expected based on ovulation rates. The causes of this discre...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mood, attitudes, or symptoms of disordered eating discriminated women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) from those with organic causes of amenorrhea and eum...

Purpose: Women with high scores for dietary restraint have been found to have higher 24-h urinary cortisol excretion and a higher prevalence of subclinical ovulatory disturbances, both of which may be...

BACKGROUND: The postpartum period is a time when women are vulnerable to depressive disorders, which can be severe and have long-lasting adverse sequelae. In spite of multiple contacts with health car...

The role of human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) in the maintenance of early pregnancy is well known. Recent data suggests that hCG may play a role in the maintenance of the later stages of pregnancy as...

Progestogens, which include the natural hormone, progesterone, and synthetic steroid derivatives, are used to treat a variety of reproductive disorders. Since synthetic progestogens are often associat...

Recent evidence suggests that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), in addition to its well-known endocrine effects on the corpus luteum, may act as a growth and differentiation factor during pregnancy....

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is widely used as a surrogate to luteinizing hormone (LH) to trigger ovulation in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Yet this molecule may exert direct effec...

Progesterone, supplied in a variety of formulations, is commonly used in assisted reproduction. However, even the commonly accepted uses of progesterone in fertility care are believed to be largely em...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether uterine contractility at the time of embryo transfer (ET) can be reduced by early onset of luteal support with progesterone administered vaginally. DESIGN: Prospecti...

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to examine basal and stress-induced levels of the neuroactive progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone, in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and he...

Studies in animal models of spontaneous Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis (HT) show that prophylactic treatment with levothyroxine (LT4) can reduce incidence and degree of lymphocytic infiltration in...

Although central and peripheral factors have been implicated in the neuromodulation of GnRH in PCOS, there are no definitive or conclusive data to establish a primary causal role for any one factor. B...

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of agnus castus fruit (Vitex agnus castus L extract Ze 440) with placebo for women with the premenstrual syndrome. DESIGN: Randomised, double blin...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of clinically evident polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among first-degree female relatives within families with a proband affected by PCOS. DESIGN: Clinical and bioch...

OBJECTIVE: To relate serum allopregnanolone and progesterone levels postpartum to maternity "blues." METHODS: Forty primiparous, healthy, married women (24-39 years of age; at least 13 years of educa...

Regularly menstruating women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological and endothelial function studies attribute this protection to estradiol (E(2)), but both progesterone...

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is mandatory for the maintenance of the corpus luteum. Ovarian stimulation for IVF has been associated with a defective luteal phase. The luteal phases of two groups of patien...

Ovarian hormonal function is under hypothalamo-hypophysis control during the genital life of women. Local hormonal production induces follicular stimulation and maturation. Two main types of functiona...

OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the effects of estrogen/transvaginal progesterone gel with estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women w...

Background: Cognitive dietary restraint, assessed by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire restraint subscale, is associated with subclinical menstrual cycle disturbances. This association may be medi...

OBJECTIVE: To review the menstrual function and fertility in thyroid disease, mainly in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Also to register the consequences of (131)I therapy, which is used widely in...

Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones is a critical component of the impact these hormones have on intracellular function. Thyroid hormones can be metabolized in peripheral tissue by deiodination,...

In an otherwise excellent editorial that appeared in this journal concerning the problems created by failure of the Health Insurance Industry to provide coverage for infertility, the author, a noted a...

The mechanism by which GnRH increases sperm-zona pellucida binding in humans was investigated in this study. We tested whether GnRH increases sperm-zona binding in Ca(2+)-free medium and in the presen...

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine quality of life (QOL) related to physiological, somatic, and vasomotor effects of changing progestogen treatment from medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA...

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that human myometrium contains receptors for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and that hCG can inhibit myometrial contractions in vitro. Objective: To...

OBJECTIVE: Endocrine factors are purported to play a role in the etiology of postpartum depression, but direct evidence for this role is lacking. The authors investigated the possible role of changes ...

Different routes of natural progesterone supplementation have been tried as luteal phase support in infertility treatments. Orally administered progesterone is rapidly metabolized in the gastrointesti...

OBJECTIVE: To describe a woman with Kallmann's syndrome who was treated successfully with highly purified FSH to achieve ovulation induction and pregnancy. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University h...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among women seeking electrology, clients presenting to nine electrology centers completed a questionnaire. STUDY DESIGN:...

BACKGROUND: The number of teenage pregnancies has increased throughout the world and these pregnancies are reported in association with a higher rate of maternal and fetal complications. AIM OF THE S...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of finasteride and flutamide in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. DESIGN: Randomized study. SETTING: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Universit...

The Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOD) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women with a prevalence of 5%. Affected women often consult a gynecologist because of menstrual irregularities, fer...

Purpose: Exercise is understood to exert positive effects on bone. However cancellous bone has not been shown to increase with exercise. Previous results of our 1-yr observational prospective study in...

Progesterone is the natural progestagen produced by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase. It is absorbed when administered orally, but is greater than 90% metabolized during the first hepatic pas...

BACKGROUND: Women with the polycystic ovary syndrome have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, possibly because of a deficiency of a D-chiro-inositol-containing phosphoglycan that mediates the act...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of oral micronized progesterone compared with IM progesterone in oil for luteal support in patients undergoing IVF who are treated with a GnRH agonist. DESIGN: Ran...

The risk factors for women developing breast and endometrial cancers are all associated with a lifetime of estrogen exposure. Estrogen replacement therapy in particular has been correlated with a slig...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among hyperandrogenic women who report normal menses. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Academic practice i...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of opioid tone, obesity, and hyperinsulinemia in GH secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Controlled clinical study. SETTING: Ca...

This review sought to examine the rationale for selecting an oral micronized progesterone formulation rather than a synthetic progestin for some of the main indications for progestogens. Unopposed est...

Purpose: A large part of infertility treatment involves the use of exogenous gonadotropins. The last decade has seen a progressive switch from human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), the original gonadot...

A case-control study was conducted to determine whether menstrual and gynecologic abnormalities precede the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in women with this disorder to a greater extent than...

I. Introduction II. Defining the Perimenopause III. Classic Studies of the Perimenopause A. Historical studies B. Early reports of women’s experiences in the perimenopause C. Early prospective menstru...

OBJECTIVE: Although numerous organic conditions may cause chronic pelvic pain (CPP), diagnostic laparoscopy reveals a normal pelvis in many patients with CPP. However, psychological studies yield a hi...

Among 2,496 infertile Israeli women treated between 1964 and 1974, 143 cancer cases were observed as compared with 116.1 expected (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI...

Recently generated progesterone receptor (PR)-negative (PR-/-) mice provide an excellent model for dissecting the role of progesterone in the development of the mammary gland during puberty and pregna...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the serum concentrations of the sex steroid hormones with respect to the concentrations of the biologically active fractions of magnesium and calcium during the different phase...

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the proliferation of normal human breast epithelial cells in vivo. DESIGN: Double-blind randomized study. SETTING: Departments of gyn...

The months following childbirth are a time of heightened vulnerability to depressive mood changes. Because of the abrupt and dramatic changes occurring in hormone levels after delivery, many studies h...

Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract comprise a common but ill-defined group of diseases; they primarily afflict women. Although predominantly involving nerve and muscle, the cellular an...

OBJECTIVE: It is now accepted that gelatinase B (92 kd type IV collagenase) is involved in blastocyst implantation and trophoblast invasion. However, little is known about the regulation of this enzym...

OBJECTIVE: To verify the occurrence of preferential distribution of vaginally administered progesterone to the uterus compared with extrapelvic regions in vivo and in humans. DESIGN: Prospective clin...

Hyperinsulinemia secondary to a poorly characterized disorder of insulin action is a feature of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). On the other hand, being generally admitted that opioids may play a r...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of alpha6 and beta4 integrin subunits on surface and glandular endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and during early pregnancy. SETTING: Second Department ...

BACKGROUND: The symptoms of women with premenstrual syndrome improve in response to suppression of ovarian function, although these women have no evidence of ovarian dysfunction. We undertook a study ...

Conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), are used extensively for estrogen replacement therapy and prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Premarin contains at le...