Ovarian hormones have been implicated in a number of neoplastic conditions. Chronic anovulation syndrome, a spontaneous biologic experiment of unopposed secretion of estrogen by the ovaries, was identified in a cohort of 1270 patients, and the risk of these patients having neoplasia was studied. Of the 1270 patients studied, 30 had a subsequent malignancy develop; the expected number was 29.8. When the individual types of subsequent malignancy were analyzed, the endometrium was the only site at increased risk. The relative risk of developing carcinoma of the endometrium after the diagnosis of chronic anovulation syndrome is 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 7.3). The long-term risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium might be considered when treating patients who have this syndrome.
Ovarian hormones have been implicated in a number of neoplastic conditions. Chronic anovulation syndrome, a spontaneous biologic experiment of unopposed secretion of estrogen by the ovaries, was identified in a cohort of 1270 patients, and the risk of these patients having neoplasia was studied. Of the 1270 patients studied, 30 had a subsequent malignancy develop; the expected number was 29.8. When the individual types of subsequent malignancy were analyzed, the endometrium was the only site at increased risk. The relative risk of developing carcinoma of the endometrium after the diagnosis of chronic anovulation syndrome is 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 7.3). The long-term risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium might be considered when treating patients who have this syndrome.
Bouchard TP et al., 2025·Preprints.org·
Open Access
Background/Objectives: Quantitative urine monitors are increasingly being used for a personalized approach to improve menstrual cycle knowledge and to manage fertility. Although several studies have evaluated urine fertility monitors in regular cycles, there is limited research in the use of quantitative monitors in reproductive disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Urine hormone data was collected with the Mira monitor from 20 participants, 10 of whom had PCOS and a matched group who had regular cycles. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estrone-3-glucuronide (E13G), and pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) in PCOS menstrual cycles compared to regular cycles. Women with PCOS had higher BMI than regular cycling women (p=0.02). PCOS cycles were longer (p<0.05), peak day was later in the menstrual cycle (p<0.001), and luteal length was shorter (p < 0.01) compared to regular cycles. In whole cycle comparisons, E13G was found to be lower in PCOS cycles (p<0.01) and PDG was found to be higher in PCOS cycles (p<0.05). E13G was also lower in the follicular phase of and late luteal phase of PCOS cycles (p<0.00001). The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of detecting hormonal differences in PCOS compared to regular cycles with at-home measurements with the Mira monitor. The metabolic dysregulation of PCOS is a possible factor in these hormone changes. Larger studies with different sub-types of PCOS will be needed to further clarify these changes and to understand the pathophysiology behind these hormonal changes.
Women are considered to have an irregular menstrual cycle if their cycle length is less than 21 days or more than 35 days, accompanied by less or very severe blood flow. The prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularities varies across countries. Irregular periods can occur due to changes in the body's levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones, which disrupt the normal pattern of the period. Menstrual irregularity has been found to be associated with various diseases and medical conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Anemia, osteoporosis, psychological problems, impaired quality of life, and infertility have also been recorded. Moreover, a significant correlation between irregular periods and the risk of developing pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders, as well as an increased risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes, has been proven. Therefore, irregular menstruation is considered an important health indicator among women. Physical, mental, social, psychological, and reproductive problems are often associated with menstrual irregularities. Thus, evaluating the factors associated with irregular menstruation is necessary to determine appropriate preventive and treatment strategies and to decrease the associated health problems. The aim of this review was to define normal and irregular menstruation, their types, and prevalence, to recognize the risk factors and causes of irregular menstruation, and to understand their impact on women's health.