Perimenopause/Menopause

STUDY Question: What is the association between endometriosis and the type and age of menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER: Women with endometriosis had a 7-fold increased risk of undergoing surgical menopause ...

Background: Measuring quantitative menstrual cycle hormones at home may help women better understand their postpartum and perimenopause fertility transitions, but these quantitative fertility monitors...

The human menopause is hypothesized to be an adaptive trait that allows post-reproductive females to invest in, and avoid reproductive conflict with, their existing offspring and grand-offspring, ther...

Study question: How should premature/primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) be diagnosed and managed based on the best available evidence from published literature?Summary answerThe current guideline pro...

STUDY Question: How should premature/primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) be diagnosed and managed, based on the best available evidence from published literature? SUMMARY ANSWER: The current guidelin...

Background: Premature ovarian insufficiency/failure (POI/POF) is a significant issue for women of reproductive age. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a potential biomarker of ovarian reserve, but its cl...

Objectives: To evaluate the experiences of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in British Columbia, their perceptions of expected reproductive aging, and potential concerns about endometrial cance...

Background: Women living with HIV commonly experience low areal bone mineral density (BMD), but whether this is affected by low ovarian hormonal states (prolonged amenorrhea or menopause) is unknown. ...

The fertility tracking of menstrual cycles during perimenopause with a quantitative hormone monitor is a novel undertaking. Women in regular menstrual cycles have been tracking their fertility using d...

Women living with HIV (WLWH) may be at higher risk for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. However, limited prospective data describe long-term trajectories of bone mineral density (BMD) in WLWH ver...

Introduction: Current use of combined hormonal contraceptives worsens glucose tolerance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus at late fertile age, but the impact of their former use on th...

We agree with Lega and colleagues[1][1] that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been shown in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be effective and safe for treating problematic vasomotor symptoms...

Background: Sexual dysfunction is a common disorder among women, especially during menopause. Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease that, according to previous studies, there is a relationshi...

This study tested progesterone for perimenopausal hot flush ± night sweat (vasomotor symptom, VMS) treatment. It was a double-blind, randomized trial of 300 mg oral micronized progesterone@bedtime ver...

Early menopause (<45 years) has significant impacts on bone, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. Several studies have suggested earlier menopause for women living with HIV; however, the current lite...

Treatment for gynecologic cancer is associated with sexual dysfunction, which may present during and/or after treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of sexual dysfunction among g...

Obesity in women of reproductive age has a number of adverse metabolic effects, including Type II Diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. It is associated with increased menstrual ir...

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a disorder of ovarian function, which occurs in approximately 3.7% of women younger than 40 years of age.1 The aetiologies of most cases were unknown and usual...

Menopause is an aging process and an important time equivalent to one-third of a woman's lifetime. Menopause significantly increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabe...

Background: It has been hypothesized that, whenever estrogen levels decline, psychosis symptoms in women increase. At menopause, this can happen in two main ways: (a) the loss of estrogen (mainly estr...

Objective: To extend knowledge about the long-term use of hormones in hormone therapy or oral contraception as prognostic factors in breast cancer. Methods: The MCC-Spain project is a cohort of 1,685...

Objective: Women living with HIV (WLWH) are commonly symptomatic during perimenopause and menopause (≥1 y without menstruation), however, little is known of risks for symptoms and their timing. We ana...

People living with HIV are ageing, and a growing number of women living with HIV are entering menopause. Women living with HIV commonly have bothersome vasomotor symptoms and onset of menopause at ear...

Introduction: Women living with HIV (WLWH) experience accelerated ageing and an increased risk of age-associated diseases earlier in life, compared with women without HIV. This is likely due to a comb...

Prevention of early menopausal bone loss may reduce the future burden of osteoporosis. In this modelling exercise, an osteoporosis prevention strategy involving 5-year infusions of zoledronic acid, be...

Objective: The use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) worsens glucose tolerance, but the risk for glucose metabolism disorders remains controversial. Design: The study is a prospective longitu...

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentration decreases with age, therefore, DHEA has been considered a hormone that reduces the symptoms associated with aging, so the usefulness of DHEA in premenopausa...

Existing fracture risk assessment tools are not designed to predict fracture-associated consequences, possibly contributing to the current undermanagement of fragility fractures worldwide. We aimed to...

Sclerostin, a natural hormone made in bone, suppresses bone formation. Sclerostin is also decreased by estrogen. Progesterone, estrogen's menstrual partner, stimulates bone formation. It is unclear wh...

It is recognized that the trabecular bone score (TBS) provides skeletal information, and frailty measurement is significantly associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes. Given the subo...

We examined the underlying relationship between fracture risk factors and their imminent risk. Results suggested that having past year fracture, worse past year general health, worse past year physica...

Since the introduction of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in medical practice, various studies have documented that implementing PRP can enhance healing and the anti-aging process, employing ang...

Using data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, several risk factors predictive of imminent (2-year) risk of low-trauma non-vertebral fracture among high-risk women were identified, inclu...

Little is known about the association between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and osteoporosis in the absence of fracture, and how HRQOL may change over time. This study provides evidence of su...

Context: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels are used worldwide as a screening tool for the duration of the female reproductive lifespan. Although AMH levels are associated with age at menopause, indi...

Sclerostin is an osteocyte-produced glycoprotein that inhibits the WNT/β-catenin pathway essential for bone formation. Sclerostin was postulated to relate to normal bone metabolism in 2001; we still h...

Although the short-term impact of incident fragility fractures on health-related quality of life (HRQL) of older people has been confirmed, we lack long-term evidence. We explored the impact of incide...

In this prospective cohort of 6120 participants aged 50+, nitrogen-bisphosphonates but not non-nitrogen bisphosphonates were associated with a significant 34% mortality risk reduction compared to non-...

This report presents the case of a woman aged 40 who has experienced premature menopause from the age of 35. Having rejected oocyte donation, she opted for intraovarian injection of autologous platele...

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This review's purpose is to highlight evidence that oral micronized progesterone (progesterone) is effective for hot flushes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms, VMS), improves sleep and is likely sa...

Sex hormones significantly impact women's lives. Throughout the different stages of life, from menarche to menopause and all stages in between, women experience dramatic fluctuations in the levels of ...

Women's hot flushes and night sweats, collectively called vasomotor symptoms (VMS), are maximal (79%) in late perimenopause. The evidence describing whether VMS are associated with loss of areal bone ...

With advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV are now surviving to experience aging. Evidence suggests that individuals living with HIV are at greater risk for low...

Objective: To assess whether progesterone (P4) or osteoblast P4 receptor-acting progestin (P) contributed to estrogen (E) therapy-related increased areal bone mineral density (BMD) in randomized contr...

Most premenopausal women with low trauma fracture(s) or low bone mineral density have a secondary cause of osteoporosis or bone loss. Where possible, treatment of the underlying cause should be the fo...

Andropausia y vulnerabilidad en salud: ¿cuándo empezamos a educar a los hombres y a los profesionales de la

We hypothesized that diet would have direct effects on glucose metabolism with direct and indirect effects on bone metabolism in a cohort of Canadian adults. We assessed dietary patterns (Prudent [fru...

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of endocrine disturbances in a group of HIV-positive (HIV+) women and to identify factors affecting presence of these disorders. To examine specifically wheth...

PURPOSE OF Review: Provide evidence-based recent data on oral micronized progesterone (OMP) and progestins in menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT). RECENT Findings: Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) incr...

Objective: The effect on body composition and in particular on fat mass (FM) of 12 months' use of a desogestrel (DSG)-only contraceptive pill or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-I...

Background: Population-based incident fracture data aid fracture prevention and therapy decisions. Our purpose was to describe 10-year site-specific cumulative fracture incidence by sex, age at baseli...

Objective: To determine the efficacy of using natural family planning (NFP) methods to avoid unintended pregnancy among women of perimenopause age (i.e., age 40-55 years). Design: A secondary analysis...

The diagnosis of osteoporosis in men is controversial, although most studies demonstrate similar fracture rates for men and women with the same level of hip bone mineral density (BMD). Whether this ap...

We determined the prospective 10-year association among incident fragility fractures and four glucocorticoid (GC) treatment groups (Never GC, Prior GC, Baseline GC, and Ever GC). Results showed that G...

Background: Progesterone is effective treatment for hot flushes/night sweats. The cardiovascular effects of progesterone therapy are unknown but evidence suggests that premenopausal normal estradiol w...

Background: Findings on potential interactive effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on breast cancer risk have been inconsistent. We aimed to use population-based ...

Several recent studies suggest that obesity may be a risk factor for fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and future fracture risk at differ...

Objectives: Our objective was to study changes in calcium and vitamin D intakes over time, and their cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: We followe...

Our purpose was to identify factors for a parsimonious fracture risk assessment model considering morphometric spine fracture status, femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and the World Health Organ...

Context: Calcium and vitamin D are recommended for bone health, but there are concerns about adverse risks. Some clinical studies suggest that calcium intake may be cardioprotective, whereas others re...

Objective: Thyroid hormones and progesterone both influence core temperature, metabolism and are crucial during pregnancy. Our objective was to discover whether progesterone therapy caused changes in ...

A controlled trial recently showed that oral micronized progesterone (Progesterone, 300 mg at h.s. daily) was effective for vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in 133 healthy early postmenopausal women. Here, we...

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between vasomotor symptoms ([VMS] hot flushes or flashes and night sweats) and markers of cardiovascular risk. Methods: Healthy postm...

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare oral micronized progesterone (progesterone) with placebo as therapy for postmenopausal hot flushes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms [VMS]). Methods...

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the health risks of excess body weight in the light of its protective effects on bone fragility. Methods: Femoral neck and lumbar spine dua...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide a clinical reference for the acute postoperative changes to lipids and inflammation following premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy an...

Perimenopause, women's normal midlife reproductive transition, is highly symptomatic for about 20% of women who are currently inaccurately counseled and inappropriately treated with oral contraceptive...

Perimenopause, rather than a time of declining estrogen, is characterized by three major hormonal changes that may begin in regularly menstruating women in their mid-thirties: erratically higher estra...

Background: A set of nomograms based on the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study predicts the fiveand ten-year absolute risk of fracture using age, bone mineral density and history of falls and low-t...

Canadian women over 50 years old were studied over a 10-year period to see if those who sustained a fracture (caused by minimal trauma) were receiving the recommended osteoporosis therapy. We found th...

Background: Previous research has shown that dietary patterns are related to the risk of several adverse health outcomes, but the relation of these patterns to skeletal fragility is not well understoo...

Objective: Most low-trauma fractures occur among women with osteopenic bone mineral density (BMD), a population considered to have moderate absolute fracture risk. Our purpose was to refine the fractu...

STUDY Objective: To compare the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with those of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) as single-hormone therapies in women who underw...

Background: Physicians and menstruating women often ask pharmacists for recommendations about menstrual cycle–related problems. Progesterone and medroxyprogesterone may provide physiology-based treatm...

Objective: Several randomized trials and observational studies show that the use of hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ex...

Background: Previous research has shown that underlying dietary patterns are related to the risk of many different adverse health outcomes, but the relationship of these underlying patterns to skeleta...

Fracture risk assessment based solely on BMD has limitations. Additional risk factors include the presence of a previous low-trauma fracture. We sought to quantify the fracture burden attributable to ...

Background: Fractures have largely been assessed by their impact on quality of life or health care costs. We conducted this study to evaluate the relation between fractures and mortality. Methods: A ...

Vertebral fractures are the most common osteoporotic fracture, and patients with prevalent vertebral fractures have a greater risk of future fractures. However, radiographically determined vertebral f...

Our objective was to estimate the relationship between longitudinal change in BMD and fragility fractures. We studied 3635 women and 1417 men 50-85 yr of age in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis S...

Using prospective data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos), we compared health utilities index (HUI) scores after 5 years of follow-up among participants (50 years and older) with...

Observational studies are needed to quantify real-life effectiveness of antiresorptive therapy in the prevention of clinical fractures. Antiresorptive therapies were associated with an overall 32% red...

Background: Measurement of bone mineral density is the most common method of diagnosing and assessing osteoporosis. We sought to estimate the average rate of change in bone mineral density as a functi...

In the light of similarities between premenstrual syndrome and toxaemia, and the fact that treatment of the former with progesterone not only relieved the symptoms (Greene and Dalton, 1953) but also p...

At the 2007 Position Development Conference, the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Technical Task Force investigated three major areas of bone density testing. Although bone mineral density (BMD) testi...

Oestrogen therapy is the gold standard treatment for hot flushes/night sweats, but it and oestrogen/progestin are not suitable for all women. MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate) reduces hot flushes, but...

Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occurs predominantly in women, and hormones may play a role in its etiology. This study was carried out to examine associations between female reproductiv...

Combined estrogen-progestin menopausal therapy (HRT) and combined estrogen-progestin contraceptives (OC) both increase breast cancer risk during current use and a few years after. We investigated risk...

Prior, Jerilynn C. MD, FRCPC1; Klauss, Vanadin Seifert MD2; Kalyan, Shirin PhD1; Pride, Sheila MD, FRSCPC3

No AccessOther Health Study28 Jun 2021Walking the TalkReimagining Primary Health Care After COVID-19Authors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/35842SectionsAboutPDF (22.7 MB) ToolsAd...

For many years, osteoporosis in women was equated with estrogen deficiency. The recent articles by Zaidi and colleagues offer a new challenge to the estrogen-deficiency-osteoporosis hypothesis by show...

Ordinary women and official statements confuse and conflate perimenopause—the long, complex, life phase of higher and chaotic estrogen levels—with the low and stable estrogen levels of menopause. This...

Introduction: The use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors has been demonstrated to not only impair load-induced bone formation but also prevent menopause-associated bone loss. We hypothesized that ...

Questions have been raised about the effects of progestogen-only contraceptive use on bone health, particularly among young women who have not yet reached peak bone mass and perimenopausal women who m...

Estrogen and progestin combination in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the incidence of breast cancer, but decreases the endometrial cancer risk of unopposed estrogen. Therefore, a SERM suc...

Objective: To test for the possible association of past oral contraceptive (OC) use and incident fracture after menopause. Design: A prospective cohort of 93,725 postmenopausal women. Setting: Forty W...

The purpose of this review is to put into a useful clinical context the changing over time of basic ovarian-pituitary-hypothalamic relationships during perimenopause. "Perimenopause" means changes in ...

Progesterone products are available in prescription form as well as over-the-counter (OTC) topical preparations sold for "cosmetic" uses. In a randomized study design, the authors compared the drug ex...

Utilizing data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos), we examined the association between potential risk factors and incident vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. A total of 5,143 ...

The structured protocols used to train and certify FertilityCare Practitioners (FCPs) in the uniform delivery of CrMS instruction are detailed, covering the sequence of follow-up sessions, the use of ...

Adaptations of CrMS instruction for physiologically distinct reproductive states — including breastfeeding, post-hormonal contraceptive use, long or irregular cycles, and premenopause — are described ...

Hilgers distinguishes isomolecular hormones -- molecules structurally identical to endogenous estradiol and progesterone -- from heteromolecular artimones, his term for synthetic analogues such as med...

Infertility is not merely a reproductive inconvenience but frequently signals systemic or hormonal pathology — including polycystic ovarian disease, endometriosis, thyroid dysfunction, and immune abno...

Compounding pharmacists prepare individualized hormone formulations — including HCG, progesterone, and thyroid preparations — that are central to NaProTECHNOLOGY treatment protocols, where standardize...

Chronic anovulation and progesterone or estradiol deficiency identified through CrMS charting represent periods of suboptimal bone accrual in women of reproductive age, because both estradiol and prog...

Osteoporosis has lately become recognized as an important disease on two accounts. On one hand, demographic change has resulted in a greatly increased and increasing burden of morbidity and mortality ...

Osteoporotic fractures can be a major cause of morbidity. It is important to determine the impact of fractures on health-related quality of life (HRQL). A total of 3,394 women and 1,122 men 50 years o...

Objective: The purpose was to explore cyclicity of breast tenderness and vasomotor symptoms in menstruating mid-life women using the Daily Perimenopause Diary. Methods: Untreated mid-life women from ...

Objective: To revise and expand the 1996 Osteoporosis Society of Canada clinical practice guidelines for the management of osteoporosis, incorporating recent advances in diagnosis, prevention and mana...

Objective: Estrogen and prolactin may accelerate the progression of murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In humans, 85% of lupus patients are women, which also suggests the importance of hormona...

Purpose: Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, in breast cancer survivors are often worsened by chemotherapy and tamoxifen, and/or the discontinuation of hormone replacement therap...

Perimenopause, a complex physiological transition for midlife women, begins with changes in experiences many years before cycles become irregular, oestradiol levels decrease or follicle-stimulating ho...

Estrogen replacement therapy is associated with improvement of cognitive deficits and reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. To compare the impact of therapeutically relevant progestins on estrogen...

To the Editor: In their recent article, "Characterization of Perimenopausal Bone Loss," Recker and colleagues present unique longitudinal bone mineral density (BMD) and hormonal data.1 We acknowledge ...

Background: Positive and negative effects on bone mineral density (BMD) have been described as a result of the premenopausal use of oral contraceptives (OCs); increased fracture rates have also been r...

Health-related quality of life (HRQL) was examined in relation to prevalent fractures in 4816 community-dwelling Canadian men and women 50 years and older participating in the Canadian Multicentre Ost...

Women have twice the incidence of major depression compared with men. They are prone to develop episodes of depression during times of reproductive hormonal change at puberty, with use of oral contrac...

Objective: To test the efficacy of a community based 10 week exercise intervention to reduce fall risk factors in women with osteoporosis. Methods: Static balance was measured by computerised dynamic...

The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is lower in premenopausal women than in men and post-menopausal women of the same age. The higher CHD rate after menopause is currently attributed to estr...

Context: Identification of women with low bone mineral density (BMD) is an important strategy in reducing the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. However, screening all women is not recommended. Obj...

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces the rate of aging and increases life span in all small animal species studied to date, but the effects of CR in humans remain uncertain. This review summarizes current...

The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) is a prospective cohort study which will measure the incidence and prevalence of osteoporosis and fractures, and the effect of putative risk factors...

Regularly menstruating women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological and endothelial function studies attribute this protection to estradiol (E(2)), but both progesterone...

OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the effects of estrogen/transvaginal progesterone gel with estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women w...

BACKGROUND: Heart disease is a major cause of illness and death in women. To understand better the role of estrogen in the treatment and prevention of heart disease, more information is needed about i...

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine quality of life (QOL) related to physiological, somatic, and vasomotor effects of changing progestogen treatment from medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA...

OBJECTIVE: Endocrine factors are purported to play a role in the etiology of postpartum depression, but direct evidence for this role is lacking. The authors investigated the possible role of changes ...

OBJECTIVE: to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral estriol for the treatment of climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women. METHODS: 68 postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms ...

BACKGROUND: The number of teenage pregnancies has increased throughout the world and these pregnancies are reported in association with a higher rate of maternal and fetal complications. AIM OF THE S...

OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness of transdermal progesterone cream for controlling vasomotor symptoms and preventing postmenopausal bone loss. METHODS: We randomly assigned 102 healthy women wit...

The risk factors for women developing breast and endometrial cancers are all associated with a lifetime of estrogen exposure. Estrogen replacement therapy in particular has been correlated with a slig...

Relatively little is known about the factors in Canada which lead to osteoporosis and its concomitant fractures. The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) is a prospective cohort study which...

This review sought to examine the rationale for selecting an oral micronized progesterone formulation rather than a synthetic progestin for some of the main indications for progestogens. Unopposed est...

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT, estrogen plus progestagen) in postmenopausal women has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, effects on blood pressure, determined with office mea...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on carotid and uterine vascular impedance. METHODS: Sixty-three postmenopausal women were randomi...

After menopause, both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (BP) become higher in women than in men of the same age, suggesting that estrogen deficiency may influence the age-related incre...

I. Introduction II. Defining the Perimenopause III. Classic Studies of the Perimenopause A. Historical studies B. Early reports of women’s experiences in the perimenopause C. Early prospective menstru...

CONTEXT: Observational studies have found lower rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women who take estrogen than in women who do not, but this potential benefit has not been confir...

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the proliferation of normal human breast epithelial cells in vivo. DESIGN: Double-blind randomized study. SETTING: Departments of gyn...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether percutaneous estradiol (pE2) (1.5 mg/day) is able to counteract the postmenopausal bone loss in postmenopausal hysterectomized women, in a double-blind study versus ora...

OBJECTIVE: To verify the occurrence of preferential distribution of vaginally administered progesterone to the uterus compared with extrapelvic regions in vivo and in humans. DESIGN: Prospective clin...

The purpose of this study was to contrast the effects of conventional estrogen treatment with medroxyprogesterone on cancellous and cortical bone change in the first year following premenopausal ovari...

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is a large and complex clinical investigation of strategies for the prevention and control of some of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among postme...

Conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), are used extensively for estrogen replacement therapy and prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Premarin contains at le...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels induced by peroral oestrogen replacement and transdermal oestradiol gel therapy. DESIGN: The effects of peroral oestradiol val...

OBJECTIVE: To report the occurrence of an unusual case of successful pregnancy achieved by oocyte donation in a woman > 60 years of age. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University-based assisted repro...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of estradiol (E2) replacement therapy on cardiac structure and function in healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-cont...

Cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in post-menopausal women, can be reduced by replacement of ovarian steroid hormones. To compare medroxyprogesterone with progesterone as the progestin ...

Objective: To examine exercise as a therapy for people with osteoporosis. Options: Immobilization, standing low-load and high-load physical activities. Outcomes: Risk of injury, quality of life, risk...

BACKGROUND: The coincidence of climacteric symptoms and the beginning of skin aging suggests that estrogen deficiency may be a common and important factor in the perimenopausal woman. Often hormones h...

Objectives: We analyzed the relationship between menstrual and reproductive history and risk of hip fractures in post-menopausal women using data from an Italian case-control study. Methods: Cases we...

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of oral estriol on the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Seventy-five natural postmenopausal women with a BMD of more ...

Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with fracture of the distal forearm, and to evaluate the influence of falls on these risks. Design: This was a case-control study. Setting: Manchest...

BACKGROUND: Lp(a) lipoprotein level is an independent risk factor for premature coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accident. Concentrations of this lipoprotein tend to increase after menopaus...

OBJECTIVES: We wished to appraise the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in early (< 67 years) and late (> 67 years) post-menopausal women referred to a metabolic outpatient clinic for...

PURPOSE: To test the acute effect of estrogen on peripheral blood flow and vascular resistance in postmenopausal women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven normotensive, post-menopausal female volunteers (...

Objective: To assess whether temperature is increased by medroxyprogesterone (MPA) and thus whether basal temperature records could be used to determine ovulation during cyclic MPA therapy. Design: A ...

Objective: To assess pairwise differences between placebo, unopposed estrogen, and each of three estrogen/progestin regimens on selected heart disease risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women. Des...

The vascular responses to 17 beta-oestradiol were examined in 23 postmenopausal women (59 +/- 7 years [mean +/- SD]) using a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover design. All women received 1 mg 1...

OBJECTIVES: We attempted to determine whether continuous and cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate modulates the effects of estrogen on dilation of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in surgically postmen...

Objective: To determine whether cyclic medroxyprogesterone treatment given without estrogen causes adverse symptoms in postmenopausal women. Methods: This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cros...

The constant infusion of [3H]equilin sulfate ([3H]EqS) was used to estimate the MCR of equilin sulfate (EqS) and to measure the conversion of this estrogen to equilin (Eq), equilenin (Eqn), equilenin ...

BACKGROUND: Recurrent urinary tract infections are a problem for many postmenopausal women. Estrogen replacement restores atrophic mucosa, lowers vaginal pH, and may prevent urinary tract infections. ...

The Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention (OSTPRE) Study examines the risk factors of osteoporosis, the relationship of risk factors to bone density and fractures, as well as the possibility ...

Oestradiol-17 beta causes relaxation of isolated coronary arteries and increases blood flow in several vascular beds in human beings and animals. Oestrogen replacement therapy is associated with a low...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effects or oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on biochemical markers of bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Controlled, random...

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of food ingestion and administered dose on the absorption of oral micronized P (Utrogestan; Besins-Iscovesco, Paris, France) and to compare the bioavailability of in...

Insulin is a major regulator of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), suppressing the hepatic production of IGFBP-1. Postmenopausal age, obesity, hypertension, and ...

A block randomized, double-blind, group-comparative, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effect of oestriol on recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. 40 women, me...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the hormonal imbalance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) continues into and after menopause and to analyze factors constituting an increased risk for developing...

With the use of a double-blind, randomized, dose-ranging design, we tested during an 18-month period the degree of protection against postmenopausal bone loss afforded by micronized 17 beta-estradiol ...

The bioavailability and the clinical usefulness of the P administered by nasal spray were investigated. Ten healthy menopausal women received an IN spray administration (4 doses of an oleic P solution...

One of the main components of conjugated equine estrogens is equilin sulfate and this estrogen in postmenopausal women is metabolized to 17 beta-dihydroequilin, 17 beta-dihydroequilenin and equilenin....

For those women who have not been contraceptively sterilized, midlife is a period of waning fertility. However, the occurrence of anovulatory menstrual cycles is unpredictable. Contraceptive methods a...

There are large inter- and intra-individual variations in the serum concentrations of natural and synthetic sex steroids irrespective of the route of administration. Oral ingestion of steroids has a s...

The main types of pharmacologic therapy used to treat the hormone deficiency of menopause are parenteral and oral administrations of estrogen. Parenteral administration results in predictable absorpti...

Progesterone and its metabolites were measured in serum extracts by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, after ingestion of micronized progesterone by eight postmen...

Ovarian secretion of testosterone and androstenedione is increased in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer, and insulin stimulates ovarian stromal androgen synthesis in vitro. We undertook thi...

Progesterone (P), the natural hormone, binds to its specific receptors to induce specific progestational effects. In addition to this binding, P is able to interfere with the binding sites of other st...

The absorption, metabolism, and clearance of progesterone (P) from the peripheral circulation were investigated in five postmenopausal women after oral administration of 100 mg at 9:00 A.M. and 200 mg...

Progesterone (P) has not been administered orally because of reportedly poor bioavailability and a rapid clearance rate. Unfortunately, the synthetic derivatives, although orally active, have a number...

A progesterone solution was administered by intravaginal instillation, intramuscular injection, and sublingually to estrogen-deficient women, with or without estradiol (E2) replacement, and serum prog...

Estriol was administered for a six-month period as estrogen replacement therapy to 52 symptomatic postmenopausal women. Assays of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), es...

Ingestion of a single tablet containing 2 mg micronized 17beta-estradiol (E-2) produced marked increases in the serum concentrations of E-2 and estrone (E-1) in 9 postmenopausal women. The rise in cir...