General OB/GYN

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study whether bilateral nonpatency of fallopian tubes is correlated with a lower recurrence rate of endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective 2:1 matched case-control study. SETTING: Un...

Objective: Disordered eating behaviors may impact the gynecologic health of adolescents through effects on menstrual cycle function and body size; however, few studies have evaluated these association...

Normal uterine function depends on cyclical regeneration and the capacity to sustain pregnancy. A cesarean incision represents an injury to this remarkable organ. Although the uterus possesses excepti...

INTRODUCTION: Vulvodynia is a chronic vulvar pain condition significantly affecting the quality of life. Its multifactorial etiology is not fully understood, and comprehensive pooled data on associate...

A portable, universal, easy-to-preserve alternative of human red blood cells (RBC) has been pursued for decades in order to expand the limited blood supply, with Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC)...

Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has garnered substantial attention for its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties. This review exp...

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10% to 20% of mothers, with higher rates among marginalized communities. Mental health issues contribute to 22.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. Doulas pr...

Objectives. To quantify the impact of state abortion bans on trends in fertility and preterm birth following the June 2022 US Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization. Met...

BACKGROUND: Denmark's publicly funded routine HPV vaccination program has included boys born from 2005 onward, leaving earlier birth cohorts of young men potentially unprotected. METHODS: A published...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the combined role of prenatal imaging and stepwise genetic testing in diagnosing fetal congenital heart defects (CHDs) over a 30-year period, focusing on CHD subtypes, extracardia...

BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals' and students' willingness to provide abortion influences access to care and workforce readiness. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a literature synthesis to identify patte...

OBJECTIVES: Congenital uterine anomalies are the result of abnormal development of the Müllerian ducts and occur in approximately 5% of the general female population. These malformations often remain ...

Stress is ubiquitous in health and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of many underlying diseases. Stress and health - this review highlights the interplay between stress and health, focusing on s...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the global burden of adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. METHODS: Data were extract...

Introducción. Las células madre mesenquimatosas del estroma tienen un gran potencial terapéutico por los efectos antiinflamatorios, antiapoptóticos y proangiogénicos que se pueden obtener a partir de ...

The psychological effects of first-time childbirth on parents have long been a focal point in social science research. This study provides a new perspective by applying demographic transition theory t...

BACKGROUND: Violence against women and against children are human rights violations with lasting harms to survivors and societies at large. Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence against ...

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and reversible airflow obstruction. Particularly in severe asthma, airway mucus plugs can contribute to substantial and p...

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous intrauterine and rudimentary horn pregnancies are exceedingly rare, particularly when one arises from assisted reproduction and the other naturally. Early diagnosis is essenti...

A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) resulting from an ascending infection of the upper genital tract. It is characterized by an inflammatory mass involv...

BACKGROUND: Published evidence on patient experiences, perceptions, and challenges related to early breast cancer (eBC) in Italy is limited. Understanding these aspects is critical for improving diagn...

Background Severe COVID-19 results in substantial economic burden and impacts quality of life. Assessing how non-hospitalized COVID-19 impacts health utilities during acute infection and long term is ...

# Overview of HFEA public consultation on Choose a Fertility Clinic 2025 Consultation held August-September 2025 on clinic’s main profile statistics on the Choose a Fertility Clinic webpage Published:...

# The fertility sector 2024/25 Annual publication on HFEA licensed clinics (1 April 2024 – 31 March 2025) Published: November 2025 [Download the underlying dataset as Excel Worksheet](https://www.hfea...

Understanding and mitigating health risks from poor indoor air quality, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is critical, yet conventional monitoring methods are costly and require skilled op...

Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the gut–immune–brain axis, a dynamic bidirectional communication system involving intricate interactions between the gut microbiota, immune responses,...

This case underscores the effectiveness of a combined laparoscopic and hysteroscopic approach in managing isthmocele, achieving symptom resolution and uterine integrity restoration. Individualized man...

Global textile production, driven by consumer demand, raises significant concerns about exposure to chemicals in clothing and related products. This review synthesizes evidence (2019-2025) on hazardou...

Importance: Identifying atypical body mass index (BMI) trajectories in children and understanding associated, modifiable early-life factors may help prevent childhood obesity. Objective: To character...

Breast tenderness and swelling are associated with premenstrual symptoms but are not well described in healthy women. In this 1-year prospective observational study, we examined daily breast tendernes...

Importance: Medical gaslighting, in which a patient's concerns are dismissed without proper evaluation, has been described anecdotally in vulvovaginal patient care, but has not been quantified. Objec...

STUDY Question: Are dietary patterns associated with age at menarche after accounting for BMI-for-age (BMIz) and height? SUMMARY ANSWER: We observed associations between both the Alternative Healthy ...

Urtica dioica is widely distributed across temperate regions of the world and is highly beneficial and packed with nutritional value including a rich profile of phytochemicals, amino acids, and essent...

Background Low-cost sensors (LCS) are widely used for air quality monitoring, but their accuracy depends on proper calibration. This study compares linear regression (LR) and machine learning (ML) tec...

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, a condition that affects approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States. Ectopic pregnancy is a potentia...

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of open-label placebos (OLP) in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Design: Randomised controlled trial. Setting: Switzerland, 2018-2020. Participants: 150 ...

Prevalence of autism diagnosis has historically differed by demographic factors. Using data from 8224 participants drawn from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, we e...

Black/African American individuals face twice the risk of hypertension compared to non-Hispanic Whites in the United States (US). A synergistic strategy integrating primary care with Electronic Health...

BACKGROUND: For more than three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has provided a framework to quantify health loss due to diseases, injuries, and associate...

BACKGROUND: Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global...

BACKGROUND: Endometrial hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is an exceedingly rare tumor. Histologically, the tumor is predominantly characterized by HAC with additional components, as documented in previou...

INTRODUCTION: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in girls and women is under-recognised and under-researched, despite increasing awareness of clinical challenges and unmet needs. This rev...

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers in women, with a short overall survival and poor prognosis. Besides the biologically aggressive EC properties, Cancer-associated c...

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the endometrium is a rare and aggressive high-grade malignancy, constituting fewer than 1% of endometrial malignancies, with only 33 cases reported in th...

The prevalence of uterine isthmocele, also known as a uterine niche, has risen in parallel with increasing cesarean section (CS) rates, affecting approximately 60% of women depending on their history ...

Objectives: To evaluate the experiences of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in British Columbia, their perceptions of expected reproductive aging, and potential concerns about endometrial cance...

STUDY Objective: To compare outcomes of vaginal surgery in women with moderate or severe symptomatic cesarean scar defect (with or without residual myometrium). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Set...

# State of the fertility sector 2023/24 Annual publication on HFEA licensed clinics (1st April 2023 – 31st March 2024) Published: 1st October 2024 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](https://ww...

STUDY Question: What are the roles of maternal preconception diabetes and related periconceptional hyperglycemia on the risk of major congenital malformations (MCMs) in offspring? SUMMARY ANSWER: Mat...

Introduction: Hormones produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal (HPAG) axis are crucial for modulating central nervous system (CNS) function and development throughout a person's life. D...

Background: The menstrual cycle is a critical indicator of women's health. Early prolonged secondary amenorrhea increases risks for morbidity and mortality. Menstrual cycle research in women with HIV ...

Importance: Endometriosis has been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer; however, the associations between endometriosis subtypes and ovarian cancer histotypes have not been well-descri...

# Fertility treatment 2022: preliminary trends and figures Preliminary UK statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage, and donation Published: July 2024 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](htt...

Background The increasing prevalence of cesarean section (CS) deliveries globally has sparked apprehension regarding potential long-term complications, notably the emergence of uterine niches. CS resu...

Isthmocele is a gynecological condition characterized by a disruption in the uterine scar, often associated with prior cesarean sections. This anatomical anomaly can be attributed to inadequate or ins...

Naltrexone (NTX) is a non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors, primarily used in the therapy of opioid and alcohol dependence. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) exhibits antagonistic action against the o...

OBJECTIVE: Endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors have been associated with female breast, genital, and colorectal cancer risk. The aim of the present study is to conduct an evidence-based evaluati...

STUDY QUESTION: Does recombinant Lactobacillus expressing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) have a better protective effect than the current treatment of thin endometrium (TE)? SUMMARY AN...

Objective: Fetal Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) is associated with oligohydramnios and significant fetal morbidity, resulting in poor lung development and perinatal death. However, oligohydram...

Women are considered to have an irregular menstrual cycle if their cycle length is less than 21 days or more than 35 days, accompanied by less or very severe blood flow. The prevalence of menstrual cy...

# State of the fertility sector 2022/23 Annual publication on HFEA licensed centres (1st April 2022 – 31st March 2023) Published: 12th September 2023 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](https:/...

Maternal b-HCG levels fell to undetectable levels one month after birth without treatment. She was doing well and a follow-up six months later revealed no evidence of retained tissue or recurrence.

Objectives: As maternal body mass index (BMI) increases, fetal anatomy ultrasound becomes more challenging, less sensitive, and less likely to be complete. We sought to report our experience of incomp...

Women living with HIV (WLWH) may be at higher risk for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. However, limited prospective data describe long-term trajectories of bone mineral density (BMD) in WLWH ver...

Background: Five to ten percent of women experience period pains that disrupt their lives yet 4 in 5 women believe that their claims for their dysmenorrhea are not taken seriously. Within the process ...

Background: Sexual dysfunction is a common disorder among women, especially during menopause. Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease that, according to previous studies, there is a relationshi...

Background: Cesarean delivery is a major source of maternal morbidity, and repeat cesarean delivery accounts for 40% of cesarean delivery, but recent data on the trial of labor after cesarean and vagi...

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metab...

Human embryogenesis is a complicated process by which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo. During the first eight weeks of development, the conceptus shifts from a single-celled zygote into a mul...

Importance: The evidence on the association between diet and miscarriage risk is scant and conflicting. Objective: To summarize the evidence on the association between periconceptual diet and miscarr...

Importance: Approximately 60% of women develop a uterine niche after a cesarean delivery (CD). A niche is associated with various gynecological symptoms including abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and ...

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The disease affects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is typicall...

The incidence of breast cancer in India has seen a rapid increase in recent years. Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for breast cancer have been affected by socioeconomic development. Studies on ...

Background: As survival and health improve in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), more women with CF (wwCF) are considering their sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This study compared SRH experience...

Objective: The aim of the present study was three-fold. One, to assess the prevalence of medical traumatization in outpatients of a gynecologic department; two, to analyze the relationship of medical ...

Modern urban human activities are largely restricted to the indoors, deprived of direct sunlight containing visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths at high irradiance levels. Therapeutic exposure ...

Background: Patterns of vitamin D intake are relatively unexplored among women living with HIV, despite its importance for women's health. We compared vitamin D dietary and supplement intakes in women...

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate vaginoscopic resection of the oblique vaginal septum in a girl with Obstructed Hemi Vagina and Ipsilateral Renal Agenesis (OHVIRA) syndrome before menarche. DESIGN: Stepwise...

Background: Identifying breast cancer risk factors is a critical component of preventative strategies for this disease. This study aims to identify modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of breast...

Treatment for gynecologic cancer is associated with sexual dysfunction, which may present during and/or after treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of sexual dysfunction among g...

Prenatal antidepressant exposure has been associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study utilized multi-cohor...

Background: Increasing numbers of BReast CAncer (BRCA) 1 or 2 pathogenic variant (PV) carriers, who have an inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer, are being identified. Among these wom...

# State of the fertility sector 2021/22 Annual publication on HFEA licensed clinics Published: October 2022 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/lxkhzo04/state-of-t...

Effective patient-provider communication improves mammography utilization. Using information technology (IT) promotes health outcomes. However, there are disparities in access to IT that could contrib...

Objective: To evaluate the effect of birth ball abdominal core training on fatigue, waist pain, and delivery outcomes in middle and late pregnancy. Methods: A prospective study of 209 primipara in to...

Objective: To assess risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic using Mind-COVID, a prospective cross-sectional study that compares outcomes in middle-in...

Background: Evidence on a possible association between newer hormonal contraceptives (HC) and risk of breast cancer remains inconclusive, especially as concerns progestogen-only methods. Methods: In ...

Objective: To analyze outcomes and postoperative complications in patients undergoing robot-assisted isthmocele repair. METHOD: This retrospective cohort study included 33 patients who had robot-assis...

Background: The aim of the present study was to explore the risk factors and protective factors related to breast cancer onset in women, but there is still a big debate in this respect. Therefore, it ...

Regenerative medicine combines elements of tissue engineering and molecular biology aiming to support the regeneration and repair processes of damaged tissues, cells and organs. The most commonly used...

Gaslighting is a type of abuse aimed at making victims question their sanity as well as the veracity and legitimacy of their own perspectives and feelings. In this article, we show how gaslighting can...

Objective: To investigate the association of infertility with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among postmenopausal participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We hypothesized t...

A growing body of evidence indicates that dietary polyphenols could be used as an early intervention to treat glucose-insulin (G-I) dysregulation. However, studies report heterogeneous information, an...

Purpose: The purpose is to accurately identify women at high risk of developing cervical cancer so as to optimize cervical screening strategies and make better use of medical resources. However, the p...

Objective: Women living with HIV (WLWH) are commonly symptomatic during perimenopause and menopause (≥1 y without menstruation), however, little is known of risks for symptoms and their timing. We ana...

Background: Multiple contraindications to combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) use exist. The impact of these factors on contraceptive choice, particularly among women living with HIV (WLWH), is not...

# National Patient Survey 2021 Survey of UK fertility patients, 2 November – 7 December 2021 Published: April 2022 The key findings are published on this page with a statistical appendix available for...

# Trends in egg, sperm and embryo donation 2020 Statistics on donation and donor treatments in the UK fertility sector Published: November 2022 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](https://www.h...

ObjectiveS: tudies on the effect of long-term use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on cervical dysplasia and/or cancer risk have been inconsistent. Less is known about the effects of other forms...

Background: Chronic endometritis (CE) and endometrial polyps (EPs) are common conditions in reproductive age women. CE is an infectious disorder of the endometrium characterized by signs of chronic in...

Background: Aside from human papillomavirus (HPV), the role of other risk factors in cervical cancer such as age, education, parity, sexual partners, smoking and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hav...

Objective: Perinatal palliative care (PPC) is an option for patients who discover that their infant has a life-limiting fetal condition, which decreases the burden of the condition using a multidiscip...

Uterine isthmocele or uterine niche is a late complication of cesarean deliveries and causes chronic pelvic pain, menorrhagia or postmenstrual spotting, and infertility. As the number of cesarean sect...

The field of fetal medicine has evolved significantly over the past several decades. Our ability to identify and treat the unborn patient has been shaped by advancements in imaging technology, genetic...

# State of the fertility sector 2020/21 **Annual publication on HFEA licensed clinics** Published: November 2021 [**Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx**](https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/5czb4k2o/2...

Infrared light (760 nm-1 mm) constitutes approximately 40% of the solar radiation reaching the ground at sea level. Shortest wavelength near-infrared (NIR) photons (NIR or IR-A: 760-1,400 nm) can pene...

Thiamine or vitamin B1 is an essential, water-soluble vitamin required for mitochondrial energetics-the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is a critical and rate-limiting cofactor to multi...

Background: Glomerulations are not specific for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Controversy exists about whether cystoscopic findings differ between patients with and without low...

In recent years, the term 'medical gaslighting' and accompanying accounts of self-identified women experiencing invalidation, dismissal and inadequate care have proliferated in the media. Gaslighting ...

In recent years, consumption of ultra-processed food around the world has been increasing. The nutritional profile of an ultra-processed diet is associated with the development of cellular alterations...

Introduction: Women living with HIV (WLWH) experience accelerated ageing and an increased risk of age-associated diseases earlier in life, compared with women without HIV. This is likely due to a comb...

There is extensive empirical literature on the association between exposure to nature and health. In this narrative review, we discuss the strength of evidence from recent (i.e., the last decade) expe...

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women. The aim of our study was to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) ...

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are potentially a high-risk population during infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19, because of physiologic immune suppression in pregnancy. However, data on the mor...

Purpose: Herein, our purpose was to calculate the 5-year and lifetime risk of breast cancer and to assess new breast cancer potential contributors among Egyptian women utilizing the modified Gail mode...

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical management for isthmoceles in patients presenting with secondary infertility. Data Sources: A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and C...

A growing body of evidence supports the modulation of pain by light exposure. As such, phototherapy is being increasingly utilized for the management of a variety of pain conditions. The modes of deli...

Background: Childbearing women have been using various herbs to assist with pregnancy, labour and birth for centuries. One of the most common is raspberry leaf. The evidence base for the use of raspbe...

Uterine niche is one of the emerging complications of caesarean section. With rising caesarean rates, the caesarean-related iatrogenic complications are also on the rise. These include placenta accret...

Background: Incidence, risk factors, and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates related to amniotic fluid embolism remain a challenge to evaluate, given the presence of differing international diagno...

Objective: Function of the lower extremities after prenatal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair is best assessed with ambulatory function at 30-36 months of age, but parents often ask about function before ...

# State of the fertility sector 2019/2020 **Annual publication on our regulatory work** Published: November 2020 [**Download the underlying data set as.xlsx (47KB)**](https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/328...

In this Commentary, we explain the case for a standardized cesarean delivery surgical technique. There are three strong arguments for a standardized approach to cesarean delivery, the most common majo...

Background: Compared to other genital cancers, cervical cancer is the most prevalent and the main cause of mortality in females in third-world countries, affected by different factors, including smoki...

Numerous evidences have alerted on the toxic effects of the exposure to glyphosate on living organisms. Glyphosate is the herbicide most used in crops such as maize and soybean worldwide, which implie...

It has been well documented that female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of various autoimmune diseases. While the reason for this has been debated, one well-regarded theory is tha...

Autoimmune disorders are characterized as a condition in which the host's immune system mistakenly attacks itself. These disorders cause the immune system to cause a systemic reaction by attacking mul...

Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Little is known about environmental factors that may modulate risk in genetically susceptible populations. Persistent organic pollu...

Background: Housemaids are part of women with low socioeconomic status and most of them are migrant from rural to central part of Ethiopia, less educated, either with poor, separated, single or divorc...

Background: Women living with HIV (WLWH) have higher rates of prolonged secondary amenorrhea (no flow for ≥1 year) than HIV-negative women. Both having amenorrhea and being HIV positive are associated...

Objective: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects millions of women. While over-the-counter products have helped with the physical symptoms of PMS, emotional symptoms have been less well supported. The o...

Naltrexone is a synthetic opioid antagonist used in prevention of relapse of opiate addiction and alcoholism. Naltrexone has been associated with low rates of serum enzyme elevations during therapy an...

Objective: While genitourinary complications during treatment for ovarian cancer are well-known, long-term adverse outcomes have not been well characterized. The number of ovarian cancer survivors has...

Objective: To evaluate the relative risk of cervical neoplasms among copper intrauterine device (Cu IUD) and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) users. Methods: We performed a retr...

Background: Although the use of contraceptive hormones is a risk factor for development of breast cancer, level of risk is unknown; thus the current research was conducted to investigate the effect of...

Objective: Hormonal contraceptive use has been associated with the development of cervical cancer, although inconsistent results are reported on the association with intrauterine device (IUD) use. The...

Background: Health service utilization (HSU) is a significant health and political issue. Awareness of factors that affect HSU and the status of health service utilization can help health professional...

Background: Previous studies have reported the use of complementary therapies to reduce the risk of gout attacks. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of cherries in reducing uric acid levels ...

Chronic endometritis (CE) is a poorly investigated pathology which has been related to adverse reproductive outcomes, such as implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage. In this paper, we aim to p...

Background: The incidence and survival of breast cancer (BC) vary across countries. This study aimed to determine risk factors for BC and estimate the overall survival rate in BC patients of the Goles...

Background Women living with HIV (WLWH) have higher rates of long-term amenorrhea (no flow for ≥12 months) than HIV-negative women. However, little is known about the consequences of amenorrhea for WL...

We report the results of a first exploratory study testing the use of vaginal microbiome transplantation (VMT) from healthy donors as a therapeutic alternative for patients suffering from symptomatic,...

Importance: Oral contraceptives have been associated with an increased risk of subsequent clinical depression in adolescents. However, the association of oral contraceptive use with concurrent depress...

IMPORTANCE: Birth by cesarean delivery is increasing globally, particularly cesarean deliveries without medical indication. Children born via cesarean delivery may have an increased risk of negative h...

Poor social support is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. Maternity group homes (MGHs), residential programs for pregnant women, have been found to improve social support in small studies. Th...

The use of long hormonal contraceptives can disrupt the balance of estrogen in the body, resulting in abnormal cell changes. This study aimed to determine a correlation between the duration of hormona...

The fallopian tube has received attention as an origin of high-grade pelvic malignancies. This is a case of bilateral fallopian tube cancer discovered after an abnormal Pap test. A 62-year-old woman w...

Of the 3,500 species of mosquitoes worldwide, only a small portion carry and transmit the mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) that cause approximately half a million deaths annually worldwide. The most com...

Spending time in natural environments can benefit health and well-being, but exposure-response relationships are under-researched. We examined associations between recreational nature contact in the l...

An isthmocele, a cesarean scar defect or uterine niche, is any indentation representing myometrial discontinuity or a triangular anechoic defect in the anterior uterine wall, with the base communicati...

The increasing rate of elective and indicated caesarean sections worldwide has led to new pathologies and management challenges. The number of patients undergoing trial of labor after caesarean sectio...

BACKGROUND AND Objectives: The objective of the present study is to examine factors affecting time spent in physical activity among adolescents in Malaysia. PATIENTS AND Methods: A nationally represe...

Background: Three prior cases of hemoperitoneum associated with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have been reported in adolescents. This reports a case of hemoperitoneum after ovulation in an adult. CASE...

Trying to kick drug addiction without medicines is said to be like relying on willpower to overcome diabetes or asthma. Enter naltrexone, which has been around since 1984 and reduces the cravings for ...

Although numerous studies have addressed the safety and effectiveness of hormonal contraceptive use in healthy women, data regarding women with underlying medical conditions or other special circumsta...

Purpose: Depression is a prevalent health problem affecting U.S. women. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are commonly used for pregnancy prevention, and evidence is mixed regarding any increased risk f...

Objective: The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive review of the literature to provide a complete and clear picture of isthmocele-a hypoechoic area within the myometrium at the sit...

Background: Hormonal contraception (HC) is widely used throughout the world and has been associated with venous thrombosis (VT) such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and cerebral VT. Object...

Background: Caffeine, alcohol, smoking and physical activity are known to alter sex steroid synthesis, which may affect hormone-dependent gynaecologic disease risk, such as endometriosis; however, few...

Naltrexone and naloxone are classical opioid antagonists. In substantially lower than standard doses, they exert different pharmacodynamics. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN), considered in a daily dose of 1 ...

Background: The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) systems for nomenclature of symptoms of normal and abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the reproductive years (FIGO AUB Syst...

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a treatment method based on research findings showing that irradiation with certain wavelengths of red or near-infrared light has been shown to produce a range of physiolog...

Objective: To assess efficacy, comparative effectiveness, and harms of psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to update the original 2013...

Arterial stiffness is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Previous sex-based investigations of local and central stiffness report inconsistent findings and have not controlled for m...

Background: Crohn's disease is a transmural, relapsing inflammatory condition afflicting the digestive tract. Opioid signalling, long known to affect secretion and motility in the gut, has been implic...

Contemporary hormonal contraception formulations contain lower doses of estrogen, have new synthetic progestin components, and provide novel methods of delivery that have not been studied extensively ...

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to analyze systematically the preface and foreword of each edition of Williams Obstetrics and Te Linde's Operative Gynecology to gain insight into historical changes in me...

The incidence of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity continues to increase. In addition to the well-known contributors to these disorders, such as food intake and sedentary lifestyle,...

STUDY Question: Can a consensus and evidence-driven set of terms and definitions be generated to be used globally in order to ensure consistency when reporting on infertility issues and fertility care...

Residents entering training in the specialty of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) often have misconceptions as to what medical interventions Roman Catholic healthcare institutions prohibit, and why c...

The US cesarean delivery rate remains 30%-32%. Increases in maternal age, obesity, and diabetes put upward pressure on this rate. Alternatives to cesarean delivery, vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)...

Reports on bacteria detected in maternal fluids during pregnancy are typically associated with adverse consequences, and whether the female reproductive tract harbours distinct microbial communities b...

An isthmocele appears as a fluid pouchlike defect in the anterior uterine wall at the site of a prior cesarean section and ranges in prevalence from 19% to 84%, a direct relation to the increase in ce...

Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify the...

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of death from cancer among U.S. women. Studies have suggested that breastfeeding reduces breast cancer risk among parous women, ...

This Committee Opinion provides practitioners with suggestions for optimizing the likelihood of achieving pregnancy in couples/individuals attempting conception who have no evidence of infertility. Th...

Introduction The aim of this manuscript is to present a systematic review of characteristics and management of endometriosis in adolescents in order to gain some relevant insight into the most appropr...

Introduction: Deterioration in sexual functioning is one of the major and serious complications of diabetes. This common metabolic disorder not only affects sexuality through microvascular and nerve d...

Background: Female physicians may experience unique challenges regarding fertility and family planning. We sought to determine childbearing patterns and decision-making among American female physician...

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and more specifically salpingitis (visually confirmed inflammation) is the primary cause of tubal factor infertility and is an important risk factor for ectopic pregn...

Many factors including genetic, environmental, and acquired are involved in breast cancer development across various societies. Among all of these factors in families with a history of breast cancer t...

Study Question: Is sexual and/or physical abuse history associated with incident endometriosis diagnosis or other gynecologic disorders among premenopausal women undergoing diagnostic and/or therapeut...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cesarean scar defects and its clinical manifestations in reproductive-aged women. We performed a systematic review following the Preferred...

Objective: Breast fibroadenoma is a common finding in young women and actually accounts for the majority of benign breast lumps. Fibroadenoma does not require any treatment unless clinical symptoms (m...

High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common and aggressive histotype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and it is the predominant histotype associated with hereditary breast and ovarian can...

Background: In addition to HPV, high parity and hormonal contraceptives have been associated with cervical cancer (CC). However, most of the evidence comes from retrospective case-control studies. The...

We report a case of interstitial cystitis (IC) associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) successfully controlled with combination therapy of tacrolimus and a corticosteroid. In 2011, a 69-year-o...

Despite variations worldwide and within the U.S. population, median age at menarche has remained relatively stable-between 12 years and 13 years-across well-nourished populations in developed countrie...

Chronic endometritis (CE) is a local inflammatory disease characterized by unusual plasmacyte infiltration in the endometrial stromal areas. CE has been neglected in gynecologic practice, as it is a l...

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Hormonal contraceptive use is common practice worldwide. Although the effects of hormone treatments in the pelvic region are well established, there is no clear evidence r...

Emergency contraception, also known as postcoital contraception, is therapy used to prevent pregnancy after an unprotected or inadequately protected act of sexual intercourse. Common indications for e...

The prevalence of the herbal medicines use is on the rise across the world, especially amongst pregnant women. The scenario in the Middle Eastern region was reviewed to explore the prevalence, usage p...

Objective: To investigate the association between use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism, taking the type of progestogen into account. Design: Two nested case-control s...

Objective: Although it has been recommended that serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels should be targeted to middle-upper normal levels during levothyroxine (l-T4) replacement therapy in patients with cen...

Background: Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5...

Background. Several studies have shown a possible involvement of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in individuals with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), but the relationship remains controversial. ...

Background: Traditional environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), were examined as part of the retrospective epidemiologic study...

BACKGROUND: Despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in women, the etiology of endometriosis remains poorly understood. Over recent decades, endometriosis has been associated with risk of several chroni...

Introduction: Recent oral contraceptive (OC) use has been consistently associated with increased risk of breast cancer, but evidence on specific breast cancer subtypes is sparse. Methods: We investig...

More than one million new patients suffer from breast cancer annually in the world. In developed countries, breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among women, and in developing regions...

Background: Observational studies of a putative association between hormonal contraception (HC) and HIV acquisition have produced conflicting results. We conducted an individual participant data (IPD)...

Background: The evidence from epidemiological research into whether use of hormonal contraception increases women's risk of HIV acquisition is inconsistent. We did a robust meta-analysis of existing d...

Novel findings in microbiology question the long-standing paradigm that a healthy pregnancy implies a sterile uterus. It now seems that the placenta is frequently colonized with bacteria, and a placen...

Previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer indicate that recent use slightly increases risk, but most studies relied on self-reported use and did not examine contemporary oral contracep...

Knowledge regarding the role of the cervix in fertility has expanded considerably over the past 20 years and in this article, we propose that it is now time for its function to be reappraised. First, ...

Objective: To examine the association between premenopausal use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and cancer incidence in Finland with a special focus on endometrial adenocarcinoma. ...

Objective: To demonstrate the application of causal inference methods to observational data in the obstetrics and gynecology field, particularly causal modeling and semi-parametric estimation. Backgr...

STUDY Question: Do injectable and oral contraceptives increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in women? SUMMARY ANSWER: After adjusting for confounders, evidence of a sign...

Background: There is substantial variability in cancer risk in women who have inherited a BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutation. Numerous factors have been hypothesized to modify these risks, but studies ...

Background: Many medications used in older adults have strong anticholinergic (ACH) properties, which may increase the risk of falls and fractures. Use of these medications was identified in a populat...

Objectives: Weight gain is a concern with the contraceptive depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA); however, this issue remains controversial. The objective of this study was to compare body weight ...

Thrombophilia alters normal hemostasis, shifting the balance in favor of thrombus formation. Inherited conditions include factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A mutation, deficiencies in natural a...

Background: Evidence suggests that recent oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with a small increased breast cancer risk; yet risks associated with contemporary OC preparations and by molecular s...

This report updates CDC's 2002 recommendations regarding screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections (CDC. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and ...

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. We investigated the association of hormonal contraceptive use and breast cancer in Thai women. Methods: A cohort study was cond...

Objective: Given the emerging evidence for the fimbria as the site of origin for many serous carcinomas in BRCA mutation carriers, consideration is being given in studying prophylactic salpingectomy w...

We used data from a large, prospective Canadian cohort to assess the association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and...

It is not clear if early oral contraceptive use increases the risk of breast cancer among young women with a breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) mutation. Given the benefit of oral contracepti...

Perforation of the uterus is the most common immediate complication at the time of dilatation and curettage (D&C). We experienced the case of a patient with intra-abdominal extrusion of fetal part and...

Background: Clinical, animal, and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that cancer is a hormonally mediated disease and several factors that influence hormonal status or are markers of ch...

The intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are essential components of whole body immune defense, protecting the body from foreign antigens and pathogens, while allowing tolerance to ...

Caesarean sections are the most commonly performed surgical procedures involving the uterus in fertile women. Typically, this surgery involves a transverse incision in the anterior lower uterine segme...

Purpose: To estimate the risks of ovarian cancer and breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use among women at elevated risk owing to mutations in BRCA1/2 or a strong family history. M...

OBJECTIVES: Increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels can prevent a wide range of diseases. There is a concern about increasing kidney stone risk with vitamin D supplementation. We used GrassrootsHe...

Purpose: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have many anticarcinogenic properties via the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Only one study, a cohort study examining risk of all cance...

Background: Cancer has become one of the ten leading causes of death in India. Breast cancer is the most common diagnosed malignancy in India, it ranks second to cervical cancer. An increasing trend i...

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the effects of diet on endometriosis and dysmenorrhoea. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic search for trials investigating a relationship between diet and endometriosis...

Initial evaluation of the patient with acute abnormal uterine bleeding should include a prompt assessment for signs of hypovolemia and potential hemodynamic instability. After initial assessment and s...

STUDY Objective: To estimate patient preferences insofar as the cosmetic appeal of abdominal incisions used for hysterectomy. We hypothesized that the laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) incis...

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers of women in India with high fatality rate. Over a 1 year study period 105 consecutive biopsy or fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed breast cancer ...

Natural family planning methods provide a unique option for committed couples. Advantages include the lack of medical adverse effects and the opportunity for participants to learn about reproduction. ...

Family planning is often regarded as the woman's responsibility, but there is growing recognition of the need to involve men in family planning programs. Since 2001, the fertility-awareness-based Stan...

Utah has the highest total fertility of any state in the United States and also the highest proportion of population affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS or Mormon ...

BACKGROUND AND Objectives: It has been suggested that taking oral contraceptives (OCs) may increase breast cancer incidence. However, data in this regard are inconsistent. We performed this meta-analy...

Obstetrics & Gynecology: July 2012 - Volume 120 - Issue 1 - p 197-206 doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318262e320

Background: Infertility affects 9% of couples in the UK. Most couples who visit their GP because they are worried about their fertility will ultimately conceive, but a few will not. Treatment usually ...

Background: Oral contraceptive use has been associated with risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Objective: To determine whether this association is confounded or modified by oth...

Objective: To design and perform a case-control study of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Crete, an island of 0.6 million people, that has experienced profound socioeconomic changes in recent decades. Meth...

Hispanics are the largest minority group in the U.S. and they contribute to over 50 percent of Catholics under the age of 25. The purpose of this study was to determine the patterns of contraceptive u...

Background: The sector of the market that deals with contraception offers a long list of different contraceptive methods. Within the estroprogestinic choice, the routes of administration are oral, tra...

PURPOSE OF Review: To review the treatments of the cesarean-induced isthmocele in restoring infertility, associated techniques, and the risks of complications associated with their use. Recent Finding...

Menstrual bleeding patterns are considered relevant indicators of reproductive health, though few studies have evaluated patterns among regularly menstruating premenopausal women. The authors evaluate...

Objectives: To investigate the association between hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 seroconversion and prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections. Design: Prospective cohort. Method...

Women with breast cancer face many challenges when considering fertility preservation. Delayed referral results in the limitation of fertility preservation options because most established methods, su...

BACKGROUND: Preventing unintended pregnancy in HIV-positive women can significantly reduce maternal-to-child HIV transmission as well as improve the woman's overall health. Hormonal contraceptives are...

Purpose: The RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology survey estimated that 2.7% to 6.5% of United States women have urinary symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain s...

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of hormonal contraception including combined oral contraceptives (COCs), and the injectable progestins depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone ena...

Objective: Increased levels of homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) are considered as independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. As the level of these factors is affected by sex hormones, a po...

Background: Epigenetic changes, geography and environmental factors do surpass the genetic factors in the development of breast cancer. This study investigates the association of reproductive factors ...

An obstetric hemorrhage may occur before or after delivery, but more than 80% of cases occur postpartum. Worldwide, a massive obstetric hemorrhage, resulting from the failure of normal obstetrical, su...

This review article summarizes the salient literature on the diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps. Electronic resources including Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library (including the...

Background: Twin studies provide insight into the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We assessed associations between...

Neurophysiological and behavioral development is particularly complex in adolescence. Youngsters experience strong emotions and impulsivity, reduced self-control, and preference for actions which offe...

Background: The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) is widely prescribed throughout the world. Although it is associated with a small but significant increase in blood pressure, the influence of the OCP on ...

Introduction: Dyspareunia and sexual dysfunction are common in women with urological disorders. The study of comorbidity between interstitial cystitis (IC) and vulvodynia seems to be relevant to under...

Indeed, medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the world's oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to possess antimicrobial property as well as wound-h...

BACKGROUND: Studies indicate that intake of vitamin D in the range from 1,100 to 4,000 IU/d and a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration [25(OH)D] from 60-80 ng/ml may be needed to reduce cancer risk...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide a clinical reference for the acute postoperative changes to lipids and inflammation following premenopausal hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy an...

Laparo-endoscopic single site (LESS) surgery has recently gained broader acceptance as a less-invasive approach to traditional multi-port laparoscopic procedures. LESS hysterectomy represents the gyne...

Although low bone mineral density (BMD) predicts fractures, there are postulated sex differences in the fracture "threshold." Some studies demonstrate a higher mean BMD for men with fractures than for...

The means by which vaginal microbiomes help prevent urogenital diseases in women and maintain health are poorly understood. To gain insight into this, the vaginal bacterial communities of 396 asymptom...

Celiac disease is an intestinal inflammatory disease that is triggered by gluten in the diet. Patients present with a wide array of symptoms due to malabsorption that include diarrhea, abdominal pain,...

Background: Physicians and menstruating women often ask pharmacists for recommendations about menstrual cycle–related problems. Progesterone and medroxyprogesterone may provide physiology-based treatm...

Epidemiologic studies suggest that some hormone-related risk factors in breast cancer differentially influence risk for disease subtypes classified by the status of the estrogen and progesterone recep...

Patients are often unaware of the non-contraceptive benefits of hormonal contraception. and this represents an opportunity for counseling (2). A brief list of some common non-contraceptive benefits is...

Chronic plasmacytic endometritis (CPE) is an infectious or reactive process with multiple etiologies. The lesion is reportedly often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and intermenstrual blee...

Objectives: Normative data for the SF-36 measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) exist for those over 25 years of age, based on data from the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporos...

Background: Recent studies have shown that both female and male obesity may delay time-to-pregnancy (TTP). Little is known about central adiposity or weight gain and fecundability in women. Methods: ...

The Gail model has been used to predict invasive breast cancer risk in women using risk factors of age, age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, a...

The role of environmental factors in the risk for Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), was investigated in a North Island-based New Zealand case-control cohort. A total of 315 CD...

Objective: Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a visceral pain syndrome with a profound impact on quality of life (QOL). The main aims of the current study are as follows: (1) to determine possible factors ...

Objective: To assess the thrombotic risk associated with oral contraceptive use with a focus on dose of oestrogen and type of progestogen of oral contraceptives available in the Netherlands. Design: P...

Objective: To assess the risk of venous thrombosis in current users of different types of hormonal contraception, focusing on regimen, oestrogen dose, type of progestogen, and route of administration....

The potential effects of oral contraceptive (OC) and postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use are not well understood among BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) deleterious mutation carriers with a history of breast canc...

Estrogen receptor (ER) status is an important biomarker in defining subtypes of breast cancer differing in antihormonal therapy response, risk factors and prognosis. However, little is known about ass...

Abnormal uterine bleeding imposes major medical, social and financial problems for women, their families and the health services. Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to the regularity, frequency, duratio...

Background: The incidence of breast cancer is on the rise in India, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in Indian women. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the association of v...

Little is known about the etiologic profile of triple-negative breast cancer (negative for estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor), a breast cancer subtype associated wi...

Introduction: We investigated clinical and pathologic features of breast cancers (BC) in an unselected series of patients diagnosed in a tertiary care hospital serving a diverse population. We focused...

Background: Although the benefit of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) at risk for sudden cardiac arrest is well established, there...

This paper empirically assesses the wage effects of the Job Corps program, one of the largest federally funded job training programs in the U.S. Even with the aid of a randomized experiment, the impac...

Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been linked to increased risk of breast cancer, largely on the basis of studies conducted before 1990. In the Case-Control Surveillance Study, a US hospital-based case-...

Purpose: Studies from around the world indicate a trend toward younger ages of menarche. The extent of this trend in the Canadian population is unknown, and the relationship to later-life health indic...

Background: Multiparity and breast-feeding reduce breast cancer risk, whereas oral contraceptive use may slightly increase breast cancer risk in the general population. However, the effects of these f...

Oral contraceptives (OC) are among the most frequently used drugs in the world with approximately 100 million women worldwide taking OC. In contrast to the active controversy surrounding hormone repla...

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CD in Québec and characterize the demographic and health-relat...

Background: Many studies have investigated risk factors for developing breast cancer, but few have explored whether these risk factors are associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor. This case-ca...

This article questions the conclusions drawn by the author of "The Mirena® Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System and Its Application to the Treatment of Menorrhagia: A Moral Opinion" (Linacre Q...

This is the first known case of extended somatic support beyond viability for a pregnant woman with brain death resulting from metastatic malignant melanoma, resulting in a live birth.

Objectives: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic disease primarily in women that is of low incidence and unknown etiology and manifests as bladder pain and urinary symp...

Background: This study was conducted to determine whether use of hormonal contraceptives is associated with cervical dysplasia and cancer in a population where there is widespread use of hormonal cont...

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of epilepsy on the reproductive hormones levels among female patients, and to investigate the frequency of catamenial pattern of seizures. Methods: A total of...

Objective: To assess the risk of oral contraceptives on the occurrence of cervical cancer. Material and Method: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Sixty women patients with histologica...

Background: Combined oral contraceptives are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a cause of cervical cancer. As the incidence of cervical cancer increases with age, the pu...

Background: Deviation from normal weight is associated with health risks, but less is known about the association between weight and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We investigated this in the...

Recent oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with modestly higher breast cancer incidence among younger women, but its impact on survival is unclear. This study examined the relationship between O...

A 44-year-old female, 1 year status-post ObTape transobturator mid-urethral sling, was evaluated by orthopaedic oncology and urology for persistent thigh pain and a left thigh mass. Multiple muscle bi...

The cause of interstitial cystitis, a chronic disease that affects the bladder, is unknown. Autoantibodies, such as those against nuclear and bladder epithelium antigens, have been found in patients w...

Background: Studies of the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on the risk of HIV-1 acquisition have generated conflicting results. A recent study from Uganda and Zimbabwe found that women using horm...

Purpose: An earlier randomized controlled trial of prevention care management (PCM) found significant improvement in breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer-screening rates among women attending Commu...

Background: The initiation of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study in 1996, and subsequent follow-up of the cohort 5 years later, provided longitudinal body mass index (BMI) data for a random s...

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in western countries. A number of risk factors are now known, but the etiology of the disease is not fully understood. The aim of this st...

Objective: To investigate whether the incidence of HIV infection is higher among sexually active women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or noresthisterone enanthate (NET-EN) injections f...

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between risk factors and breast cancer in Turkish women. In a hospital-based case-control study in Istanbul, 405 patients with histologically c...

Objective: To estimate breast cancer risk associated with short-term (<6 months) oral contraceptive use, and explore variation in estimates by use characteristics and medical, menstrual, and reproduct...

Young patients and their parents often are unsure about what represents normal menstrual patterns, and clinicians also may be unsure about normal ranges for menstrual cycle length and amount and durat...

OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of case-control studies that addressed whether prior oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with premenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE...

Background: Genetics and environmental factors are implicated in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We studied environmental factors in a population-based Swedish-Danish twin cohort usi...

Introduction: It has been suggested that hormonal risk factors act predominantly on estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-positive breast cancers. However, the data have been inconsisten...

Effective tubal transport of ova, sperm and embryos is a prerequisite for successful spontaneous pregnancy. Although there is much yet to be discovered about the mechanisms involved, it is evident tha...

Estrogen exposure is a major determinant of the risk of breast cancer. This article reviews how genotoxic, mutagenic metabolites of estrogen and stimulation of tissue growth by the hormone participate...

Although there have been numerous studies investigating the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and depressive symptoms, they have differed widely in both their methods and findings. A...

Cervical cancer is a complex and multifactorial disease. Although there are substantial data supporting the causative role of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the development of cerv...

Family history of breast cancer is an established risk factor for breast cancer. In addition, there is evidence that oral contraceptive use may be associated with a moderate increase in breast cancer ...

Background: Exogenous estrogens affect the onset and clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Oral contraceptives, a frequent source of exogenous estrogens in humans, could have a r...

Oral contraceptive (OC) use in young women has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This matched case-control study aims to elucidate the combined effects of OC use and genetic fac...

Background: The aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains largely unknown. Aim: We performed a comprehensive assessment of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of inflammatory ...

Background: Recent oral contraceptive use has been associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk and a substantial decrease in ovarian cancer risk. The effects on risks for women with germ li...

Objective: This report presents national estimates of contraceptive use and method choice based on the 1982, 1995, and 2002 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG). It also presents data on where wom...

Vitamins D(2) and D(3) are generally considered to be equivalent in humans. Nevertheless, physicians commonly report equivocal responses to seemingly large doses of the only high-dose calciferol (vita...

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence of specific depressive and anxiety disorders in women before a new course of assisted reproductive technology treatment. Few studies have adopted the p...

Background: The SF-36 is widely used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but with few longitudinal studies in healthy populations, it is difficult to quantify its natural history. This i...

AIMS: To investigate the presence of the antigliadin antibodies in the patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. METHODOLOGY: Four hundred patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (2...

The goal of an integrative science of women's health is bringing together childbearing with women's health during the lifespan. Enhancing a woman's ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy is infl...

Since the introduction of hormonal contraceptives in the 1960s, there have been a variety of both health benefits and safety concerns attributed to their use. In most instances, the noncontraceptive b...

CONTEXT: Experimental data suggest that placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family, acts as a primary inflammatory instigator of atherosclerotic plaque i...

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) constitute a major health burden in the United States, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, genital lesions, g...

Objective: To determine the positive predictive value of the combined symptoms of severe dysmenorrhea with the sign of tenderness and/or nodularity of the cul-de-sac and/or uterosacral ligament(s) in ...

Three-dimensional ultrasound enables volumetric assessment of uterine architecture, endometrial morphology, and ovarian follicular dynamics with greater anatomical precision than conventional 2D imagi...

Core microsurgical principles for adhesion prevention—continuous peritoneal irrigation, meticulous hemostasis, minimal thermal spread, avoidance of foreign material, and precise tissue approximation—a...

Ovarian cysts in NaProTECHNOLOGY are classified as functional (follicular cysts, luteinized unruptured follicle, corpus luteum cysts) or pathological (endometriomas, neoplasms) through serial cycle-ti...

Uterine fibroids contribute to abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, recurrent pregnancy loss, and implantation failure, making myomectomy a central NaProTECHNOLOGY surgical intervention for women ...

The structured protocols used to train and certify FertilityCare Practitioners (FCPs) in the uniform delivery of CrMS instruction are detailed, covering the sequence of follow-up sessions, the use of ...

Early pregnancy loss encompasses biochemical pregnancy, embryonic demise, and missed abortion, each distinguished by specific hormonal profiles and ultrasound criteria within the NaProTECHNOLOGY surve...

NaProTECHNOLOGY uses the Peak Day of the Creighton Model chart — the last day of the most fertile-type cervical mucus — as the reference point for dating conception, providing a biologically grounded ...

Cumulative pregnancy and live birth data from the Pope Paul VI Institute document NaProTECHNOLOGY outcomes across diagnostic categories including unexplained infertility, endometriosis, PCOD, and tuba...

Patients who have undergone multiple failed IVF cycles and are counseled to abandon fertility treatment represent a significant NaProTECHNOLOGY cohort in whom undiagnosed correctable pathology — inclu...

Structured postoperative management following PEARS procedures addresses wound care, pain control, early ambulation, hormonal support, and surveillance for complications including bleeding, infection,...

Preconceptional optimization using CrMS cycle data establishes hormonal baselines, identifies correctable pathologies, and guides targeted supplementation before conception is attempted. Systematic pr...

Escalating rates of contraceptive use, abortion, divorce, child abuse, teenage pregnancy, and out-of-wedlock births over the preceding four decades are documented as interconnected indicators of syste...

Deep infiltrating endometriosis involving the rectosigmoid, appendix, and small bowel is addressed through gynecologist-performed PEARS techniques that include superficial disc excision, appendectomy,...

The Creighton Model's standardized daily vulvar observation system -- recording discharge color, consistency, quantity, and sensation -- allows chronic pathological discharges (persistent yellow or cl...

Endometriosis recurrence after surgical excision remains a clinical reality driven by residual ectopic implants, persistent hormonal milieu favoring re-seeding, and incomplete initial resection. NaPro...

Hilgers distinguishes isomolecular hormones -- molecules structurally identical to endogenous estradiol and progesterone -- from heteromolecular artimones, his term for synthetic analogues such as med...

Methodologically rigorous effectiveness data for the CrMS are presented, including method-effectiveness and use-effectiveness rates for pregnancy avoidance drawn from prospective cohort studies, demon...

Infertility is not merely a reproductive inconvenience but frequently signals systemic or hormonal pathology — including polycystic ovarian disease, endometriosis, thyroid dysfunction, and immune abno...

Chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea in reproductive-age women most commonly reflect undertreated endometriosis, adenomyosis, ovarian dysfunction, or pelvic adhesive disease rather than psychosomatic ...

Compounding pharmacists prepare individualized hormone formulations — including HCG, progesterone, and thyroid preparations — that are central to NaProTECHNOLOGY treatment protocols, where standardize...

Distal tubal occlusion — including hydrosalpinx, fimbrial agglutination, and peritubal adhesions — is a correctable cause of tubal-factor infertility amenable to salpingoneostomy, fimbrioplasty, and a...

Postpartum depression in susceptible women is linked to abrupt postpartum progesterone withdrawal following the high-progesterone state of pregnancy, particularly in those with prior PMS, luteal phase...

Serum estradiol and progesterone assays vary substantially across laboratories because of differences in antibody specificity, calibration standards, detection platforms, and quality-control practices...

CrMS charting features -- Peak day definition, pre-Peak mucus quality and duration, post-Peak phase length, and premenstrual spotting -- are systematically compared against sonographic and endocrine f...

Family physicians trained in NaProTECHNOLOGY serve as primary coordinators of medical management — prescribing targeted hormone support, monitoring biomarker trends, and triaging surgical referrals — ...

Management of pregnancies complicated by lethal fetal anomalies is addressed within an ethical framework that provides perinatal palliative care, parental support, and medical management without recou...

Laser adhesiolysis protocols address peritubal, periovarian, and cul-de-sac adhesions using CO2 laser energy applied under direct near-contact visualization, with attention to underlying anatomy and v...

Selective hysterosalpingography combined with transcervical fallopian tube catheterization allows both precise diagnosis and non-surgical correction of proximal tubal occlusion, distinguishing true an...

A systematic framework for managing patient cases within the CrMS-NaProTECHNOLOGY system is presented, addressing how FCPs and medical consultants collaborate to identify abnormal chart patterns, init...

Physiological and psychological stress disrupts hypothalamic GnRH pulsatility via CRH-cortisol pathways, producing downstream impairments in LH and FSH secretion that manifest as anovulation, delayed ...

Pelvic adhesions from prior infection, surgery, or endometriosis restrict tubal motility, occlude the fimbriae, and distort ovarian-tubal relationships, constituting a primary mechanical barrier to na...

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is examined through a systematic NaProTECHNOLOGY diagnostic framework that includes hormonal, anatomical, immunological, and infectious etiologies identified via CrMS cy...

Serial progesterone measurement timed to the luteal phase and early pregnancy using CrMS Peak Day-referenced protocols reveals luteal insufficiency and early placental progesterone inadequacy that are...

Preterm birth affects 12% of all births in the United States. Recent studies support the hypothesis that progesterone supplementation reduces preterm birth in a select group of women (ie, those with a...

Besides the natural progestin, progesterone, there are different classes of progestins, such as retroprogesterone (i.e. dydrogesterone), progesterone derivatives (i.e. medrogestone) 17alpha-hydroxypro...

OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence of effectiveness of prenatal care for preventing low birth weight (LBW). METHODS: We reviewed original research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and commentaries ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze retrospectively the frequency, long-term prognosis and pregnancy rate in infertile women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma by endometrial biopsy. STUDY DESIGN:...

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 2001 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, r...

Hirsutism is a very common clinical problem encountered in daily practice, and, unfortunately, its treatment is far from satisfactory. In several studies, antiandrogens were given in combination with ...

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototype acute-phase protein, which can increase up to 1000-fold after the onset of a stimulus. Aside from its disputed role as a marker of infection and/or inflammati...

Objective: To assess risk factors associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the Mexican population. MATERIAL AND Methods: A case-control study was conducted on June 1996, at the Reumathol...

Objective: Estrogen and prolactin may accelerate the progression of murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In humans, 85% of lupus patients are women, which also suggests the importance of hormona...

OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of a patient with catamenial hemoptysis, secondary infertility, and endometriosis associated with a unicornuate uterus and noncommunicating rudimentary horn. DESIGN: ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe severity of emotional and physical symptoms in a large diverse sample; to examine demographic, health status, and behavioral correlates of symptom severity; and to describe use ...

Background: Canadian normative data for the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form (SF-36) have recently been published. However, there is evidence from other countries to suggest that regional var...

Background: Use of oral contraceptives could increase risk of cervical cancer; however the effect of human papillomavirus (HPV), the main cause of cervical cancer, is not usually taken into account. W...

Controversy surrounds the relations among infertility, fertility drug use, and the risk of ovarian cancer. The authors pooled interview data on infertility and fertility drug use from eight case-contr...

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) pregnancy rates improve with the replacement of multiple embryos. The specific number of embryos to be transferred (typically between two and four) is based on...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of supernumerary preovulatory follicular reduction as an approach to avoid multiple pregnancies in ovulation induction or superovulation cycles. DESIGN: Retrospectiv...

A high prevalence of psychiatric illness has been noted in the postpartum period. Recent research looks to the potential effects of maternal illness during this period on child development. With the p...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mood, attitudes, or symptoms of disordered eating discriminated women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) from those with organic causes of amenorrhea and eum...

Transvaginal ultrasonic follicle puncture has now become the method of choice for oocyte retrieval among most in vitro fertilization (IVF) units. The procedure, which involves puncture then aspiration...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the varying distribution of a vaginally placed gel over time and with different levels of patient activity. DESIGN: Prosp...

Progestogens, which include the natural hormone, progesterone, and synthetic steroid derivatives, are used to treat a variety of reproductive disorders. Since synthetic progestogens are often associat...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the psychopathology, personality features, and marital relationships of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) with those of control patients, and to compare IVF inductees...

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationship between endometriosis and epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the 20 cases associated with endometriosis in 371 cases of epithelial ...

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces the rate of aging and increases life span in all small animal species studied to date, but the effects of CR in humans remain uncertain. This review summarizes current...

It is likely that heritable genetic factors contribute to the development of endometriosis, which is a putative precursor of the endometrioid and clear cell histological subtypes of ovarian cancer. Th...

The number of births, the crude birth rate (14.5 in 2001), and the fertility rate (67.2 in 2001) all declined slightly (by 1% or less) from 2000 to 2001. Fertility rates were highest for Hispanic wome...

OBJECTIVE: To review the menstrual function and fertility in thyroid disease, mainly in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Also to register the consequences of (131)I therapy, which is used widely in...

We analyzed 81 ovarian cancers for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 10q23 and for mutations in PTEN. LOH was common among the endometrioid (43%) and serous (28%) cancers, but was infrequent among the o...

It is well known that certain aspects of endometriosis are similar to those of malignant disease. For example, like cancer, endometriosis can be both locally and distantly metastatic; it attaches to o...

Endometriosis may be the precursor of clear cell or endometrioid ovarian cancer. In this review, we focus on the prevalence of endometriosis in ovarian cancer and related clinical and epidemiological ...

One hundred forty-seven cases of ovarian endometriosis, encountered from 1976 to 1999 at Tsukuba University Hospital, were studied to clarify the incidence of malignant transformation. There were 18 c...

BACKGROUND: Heart disease is a major cause of illness and death in women. To understand better the role of estrogen in the treatment and prevention of heart disease, more information is needed about i...

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the possible association between infertility and treatment with long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). NSAIDs act mainly through the inhibition of cyclooxygen...

In the United States, pregnancies associated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) or ovulation-inducing drugs are more likely to result in multiple births than spontaneously conceived pregnanci...

Objective: To assess maternal morbidity, and neonatal outcome and especially long term sequelae in infants born preterm due to maternal or fetal indications. Design: Analysis of retrospective cohort. ...

Ectopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in North America and is a leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester. Greater awareness of risk factors and impro...

Ovarian granulosa cell tumour (GCT) is a rare malignancy, which has been linked to both infertility and infertility treatment with ovulation inducers. The reproductive features were analysed of 146 wo...

This is the second edition of this guideline; the first edition was published in 2011 under the same name. It supplements NICE guideline NG25 Preterm labour and birth. Cerclage remains one of the stan...

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether induced abortion influences subsequent pregnancy duration. METHODS: Women who had their first pregnancies during 1980, 1981, and 1982 were identified in three Danish nat...

The aim of this study was to examine the separate and joint effects of previous pregnancy history, year of pregnancy outcome, maternal age, height, smoking and fertility on risk of fetal death. Data w...

This is a case presentation of an usual nature, a 43-year-old Hispanic female, multigravida presenting with physical findings of massive ascites. In most instances, the presence of massive ascites is ...

The incidence of cardiovascular disease in women is negligible before natural or surgically-induced menopause, and increases after menopause. Epidemiological data suggest that estrogen replacement the...

Context: The incidence of unintended pregnancy has long been used as a primary indicator of the state of reproductive health. However, the definition--and therefore the measurement--of this indicator ...

A genetic mechanism may be responsible for the increased incidence of ovarian cancer in some infertile women (ie, those who failed to conceive despite treatment).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible linkage between the use of fertility drugs for infertility and the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. DESIGN: Long-term, historic-prospective study. SETTING: Fe...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomic and technical difficulties encountered with transvaginal ultrasound imaging of the cervix in a consecutive series of women at risk for preterm delivery. METHODS: T...

PURPOSE: To investigate the occurrence of ovarian cancer (OC) arising in ovarian endometriosis (OE) diagnosed in our laboratory, and the relation of the disease to patient age. METHODS: Histopatholog...

A previously undescribed cause of abnormal uterine bleeding is presented. Nine of 310 women evaluated by sonohysterography for abnormal bleeding demonstrated an 8 to 17 mm gap in the anterior lower ut...

OBJECTIVE: To identify the levels of grief and depression and the coping mechanisms of women with infertility problems who participated in in vitro fertilization (IVF) or ovulation-induction medicatio...

This article has provided outcome-based evidence using easily understood graphic representation of cumulative pregnancy rates whenever possible for the methods used to investigate and treat female inf...

The possibility that ovulation induction increases the risk of ovarian cancer remains unproven. However, recent studies suggest that both infertility and endometriosis may be independent risk factors....

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of leuprolide versus placebo in managing chronic pelvic pain in women with clinically suspected endometriosis. METHODS: Women 18-45 years of...

beta-mimetics have been prescribed by physicians to arrest or prevent premature labor for more than 20 years. Although not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tocolytic use, terbuta...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on carotid and uterine vascular impedance. METHODS: Sixty-three postmenopausal women were randomi...

After menopause, both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (BP) become higher in women than in men of the same age, suggesting that estrogen deficiency may influence the age-related incre...

Background: Using data from a case-control study carried out in Italy 1989-1992, we estimated the odds ratios (OR) and the population attributable risks (AR) for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in r...

Preterm birth, which occurs in 11 percent of all pregnancies, is responsible for the majority of neonatal deaths and nearly one half of all cases of congenital neurologic disability, including cerebra...

OBJECTIVE: Although numerous organic conditions may cause chronic pelvic pain (CPP), diagnostic laparoscopy reveals a normal pelvis in many patients with CPP. However, psychological studies yield a hi...

Among 2,496 infertile Israeli women treated between 1964 and 1974, 143 cancer cases were observed as compared with 116.1 expected (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI...

Recently generated progesterone receptor (PR)-negative (PR-/-) mice provide an excellent model for dissecting the role of progesterone in the development of the mammary gland during puberty and pregna...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the serum concentrations of the sex steroid hormones with respect to the concentrations of the biologically active fractions of magnesium and calcium during the different phase...

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease in which tissue similar to the endometrium proliferates at sites outside the uterine cavity. Malignant transformation of endometriosis to endometrioid a...

Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract comprise a common but ill-defined group of diseases; they primarily afflict women. Although predominantly involving nerve and muscle, the cellular an...

The birth of the McCaughey septuplets in Iowa in November 1997 brought issues of fertility assistance and their potential outcomes to worldwide attention. This Pergonal-stimulated multiple pregnancy e...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of ovarian endometriosis in epithelial ovarian cancer in Japan. METHOD: The presence of ovarian endometriosis was determined by re...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the structure and metabolism of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the effect of molecular heterogeneity on the immunodiagnosis and monitoring of gestational trophoblastic di...

PROBLEM: Neonatal outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies has been described by different authors, but several issues have yet to be resolved. The aim of the present study was to evaluate ...

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is a large and complex clinical investigation of strategies for the prevention and control of some of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among postme...

Aim: To investigate and compare the diagnoses and treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) from the perspectives of psychiatrists and obstetricians/gynecolog...

Mood disorders are common in women. A prepregnancy personal history of mood disorder (bipolar or major depression), premenstrual syndrome, or (possibly) postpartum blues places a woman at high risk fo...

OBJECTIVE: To track the severity and location of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis throughout the reproductive-age years and to evaluate the association between these pain parameters and the s...

The worldwide incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to increase and represents a ma...

Background: Different exogenous factors are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Smoking habits and other risk factors have received much attention. It has recently been ...

The hospital-centered trend that has dominated medical culture and the management of health care during this entire century has, in the last few years, undergone a reversal in Italy. Conditions in oth...

The objective was to verify the hypothesis of a 'first uterine pass effect' or direct preferential vagina-to-uterus transport, suggested by the evidence of higher than expected uterine tissue concentr...

OBJECTIVE: To report the occurrence of an unusual case of successful pregnancy achieved by oocyte donation in a woman > 60 years of age. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University-based assisted repro...

We encountered a case of ovarian cancer in a 33-year-old, 8-week pregnant woman. Histological examination revealed both a transitive form of ovarian endometriosis with marked decidual changes due to p...

The incidence of ovarian atypical endometriosis and its association with malignant epithelial tumours in a consecutive series of cases during the period 1987 to 1995 were studied. Atypical glandular c...

Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a twofold higher rate of depression in women than in men. The childbearing years are a time of increased risk for onset of depression in women. Pregnancy, miscarriage...