Research Methodology

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the relationship between menstrual cycle phases and the incidence of muscle injuries in female team sport athletes, following PRISMA 2020 and PERSiST ...

Objective: Disordered eating behaviors may impact the gynecologic health of adolescents through effects on menstrual cycle function and body size; however, few studies have evaluated these association...

INTRODUCTION: Vulvodynia is a chronic vulvar pain condition significantly affecting the quality of life. Its multifactorial etiology is not fully understood, and comprehensive pooled data on associate...

A portable, universal, easy-to-preserve alternative of human red blood cells (RBC) has been pursued for decades in order to expand the limited blood supply, with Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC)...

INTRODUCTION: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is used for various medical conditions. HBOT is demanding and varies in effectiveness. This intensity combined with logistical challenges may lead to pat...

BACKGROUND: Denmark's publicly funded routine HPV vaccination program has included boys born from 2005 onward, leaving earlier birth cohorts of young men potentially unprotected. METHODS: A published...

Regular welfare assessments are essential for identifying and addressing the physical, behavioral, and emotional needs of shelter dogs, thereby ensuring their well-being and improving chances for adop...

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine if Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores at delivery discharge are predictive of EPDS scores at 2-6 weeks postpartum. METHOD: Thi...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the global burden of adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. METHODS: Data were extract...

Introducción. Las células madre mesenquimatosas del estroma tienen un gran potencial terapéutico por los efectos antiinflamatorios, antiapoptóticos y proangiogénicos que se pueden obtener a partir de ...

OBJECTIVES: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a critical indicator of osteoporosis (OP). Utilizing the latest multi-omics quantitative trait loci (QTLs) data, we aim to identify novel candidates associate...

BACKGROUND: Subchorionic hemorrhage (SCH) is characterized by a fluid-filled hypoechoic area in early pregnancy. This study investigates how laminin subunit β1 (LAMB1) modulates type III collagen (COL...

BACKGROUND: Published evidence on patient experiences, perceptions, and challenges related to early breast cancer (eBC) in Italy is limited. Understanding these aspects is critical for improving diagn...

Background: Self-reported dietary intake varies across menstrual cycle phases, but objective assessments of dietary intake together with appetite and resting metabolic rate (RMR) are limited. This stu...

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an elective to improve students’ knowledge of fertility awareness-based methods for family planning and to determine whether there was a difference in knowled...

Objective: Endometriosis is a chronic gynaecological condition affecting reproductive-aged women. It has been associated with infertility and potential risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes, although p...

Understanding and mitigating health risks from poor indoor air quality, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is critical, yet conventional monitoring methods are costly and require skilled op...

Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the gut–immune–brain axis, a dynamic bidirectional communication system involving intricate interactions between the gut microbiota, immune responses,...

Self-Worth is an over-arching evaluation of a person's sense of individual value. Self-worth, however, is an underappreciated concept. It has rarely been reported related to physiological data; we fou...

Introduction: Physical activity is known to improve physical and psychological outcomes in pregnant women. While aerobic exercise is typically emphasized in physical activity guidelines for pregnant w...

Background: Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination on human menstrual cycle characteristics have been observed, but limited data are available on the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status ...

# Fertility treatment 2023: trends and figures Preliminary UK statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage, and donation Published: June 2025 You have chosen not to allow videos from the 3rd party str...

Prenatal exposure to air pollution is an important risk factor for child health outcomes, including asthma. Identification of DNA methylation changes associated with air pollutant exposure can provide...

Importance: Identifying atypical body mass index (BMI) trajectories in children and understanding associated, modifiable early-life factors may help prevent childhood obesity. Objective: To character...

STUDY Question: Are dietary patterns associated with age at menarche after accounting for BMI-for-age (BMIz) and height? SUMMARY ANSWER: We observed associations between both the Alternative Healthy ...

Objective: There is considerable individual day-to-day variation within the menstrual cycle and between cycles in women. Average hormone curves inadequately describe the individual hormone patterns ex...

Urtica dioica is widely distributed across temperate regions of the world and is highly beneficial and packed with nutritional value including a rich profile of phytochemicals, amino acids, and essent...

STUDY Question: What is the association between endometriosis and the type and age of menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER: Women with endometriosis had a 7-fold increased risk of undergoing surgical menopause ...

There is growing interest in the use of microbial-seeding interventions to mitigate the impacts of prenatal antibiotics, C-section, and lack of breastfeeding on mother-child microbe sharing. However, ...

The gut microbiome influences the metabolism and health of several organs beyond the gut and has recently gained considerable attention. The gut plays a central role in food digestion, absorption, nut...

Background Low-cost sensors (LCS) are widely used for air quality monitoring, but their accuracy depends on proper calibration. This study compares linear regression (LR) and machine learning (ML) tec...

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of open-label placebos (OLP) in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Design: Randomised controlled trial. Setting: Switzerland, 2018-2020. Participants: 150 ...

Background: Previous research on the role of maternal diet in relation to autism has focused on examining individual nutrient associations. Few studies have examined associations with multiple nutrien...

Prevalence of autism diagnosis has historically differed by demographic factors. Using data from 8224 participants drawn from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, we e...

Objective: To evaluate the association between contemporary hormonal contraceptive use and the risk of incident ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Design: Real-world, nationwide, prospective ...

Black/African American individuals face twice the risk of hypertension compared to non-Hispanic Whites in the United States (US). A synergistic strategy integrating primary care with Electronic Health...

# National Patient Survey 2024 Survey of UK fertility patients: 2 September - 9 October 2024 Published: March 2025 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/vf5bxixp/nat...

BACKGROUND: For more than three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has provided a framework to quantify health loss due to diseases, injuries, and associate...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of embryo donation compared with those of double gamete donation with cryopreserved donor oocytes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: The 2016-2019 Soc...

BACKGROUND: Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global...

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious complication commonly encountered in patients with infertility undergoing ovulation induction therapy. This study investigates histomorphological ...

STUDY Question: How do endometriosis diagnoses and subtypes reported in administrative health data compare with surgically confirmed disease? SUMMARY ANSWER: For endometriosis diagnosis, we observed ...

STUDY Question: Can semen parameters predict long-term health outcomes in men? SUMMARY ANSWER: There is a lack of evidence to suggest a higher risk of comorbidities in men with poor semen concentrati...

Background: Maternal hormonal contraception use has been associated with childhood leukemia risk. However, studies are few and often based on self-reported information. Methods: Using registry data f...

Background: The combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) with ethinylestradiol and progestins is the most widely used contraceptive method among young women and is used by millions worldwide. However, un...

Objectives: To evaluate the experiences of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in British Columbia, their perceptions of expected reproductive aging, and potential concerns about endometrial cance...

Study Question: What is the relative length variance of the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase within healthy, non-smoking, normal-weight, proven normally ovulatory, premenopausal women wit...

Background: The menstrual cycle is a critical indicator of women's health. Early prolonged secondary amenorrhea increases risks for morbidity and mortality. Menstrual cycle research in women with HIV ...

Background: The use of fertility indicators to predict ovulation has largely been studied for contraceptive purposes, while less so as fertility-promoting tools. Objective: To investigate the associa...

Fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs), also known as natural family planning (NFP), enable couples to identify the days of the menstrual cycle when intercourse may result in pregnancy ("fertile da...

Purpose: It is asserted that primary dysmenorrhea/menstrual cramps only occur in ovulatory menstrual cycles. Our first objective was to present detailed menstrual cramps information in normally ovulat...

STUDY Question: What are the outcomes of pregnancies exposed to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and what factors predict the course of these pregnan...

Naltrexone (NTX) is a non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors, primarily used in the therapy of opioid and alcohol dependence. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) exhibits antagonistic action against the o...

Endometriosis is a debilitating, chronic disease that is estimated to affect 11% of reproductive-age women. Diagnosis of endometriosis is difficult with diagnostic delays of up to 12 years reported. T...

Objective: To study whether the menstrual cycle has a circaseptan (7 days) rhythm and whether it is associated with the lunar cycle (also defined as the synodic month, it is the cycle of the phases of...

Background: Very little is known about the prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression among women with vaginal births without major pregnancy complications. Objective: This study aimed to a...

OBJECTIVE: Endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors have been associated with female breast, genital, and colorectal cancer risk. The aim of the present study is to conduct an evidence-based evaluati...

IMPORTANCE: Because analytic technologies improve, increasing amounts of data on methylation differences between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and unassisted conceptions are available. Howeve...

Objective: Fetal Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) is associated with oligohydramnios and significant fetal morbidity, resulting in poor lung development and perinatal death. However, oligohydram...

Objective: Women who have experienced reproductive loss (i.e., miscarriage, stillbirth, abortion) evaluated the usefulness of a novel screening tool, Reproductive Grief Screen (RGS), to identify patie...

Background: Treatment with vaginal progesterone reduces the risk of miscarriage and preterm birth in selected high-risk women. The hypothesis that vaginal progesterone can reduce the risk of hypertens...

Background: Second-trimester ultrasound is the standard technique for fetal anatomy evaluation in the United States despite international guidelines and literature that suggest that first-trimester ti...

Background: Five to ten percent of women experience period pains that disrupt their lives yet 4 in 5 women believe that their claims for their dysmenorrhea are not taken seriously. Within the process ...

# Fertility treatment 2021: preliminary trends and figures Preliminary UK statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage, and donation Published: June 2023 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](htt...

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metab...

Importance: The evidence on the association between diet and miscarriage risk is scant and conflicting. Objective: To summarize the evidence on the association between periconceptual diet and miscarr...

Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) complicates 10%-26% of monochorionic twins. Treatment options include cord coagulation, expectant management, and fetoscopic laser photocoagulation. This revi...

The incidence of breast cancer in India has seen a rapid increase in recent years. Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for breast cancer have been affected by socioeconomic development. Studies on ...

The number of sperm that reaches the oocytes in mammalian species is limited. In mice, 8-10 oocytes are ovulated, a similar number of sperm reaches the oocytes, and nearly all oocytes are fertilized v...

Objective: The aim of the present study was three-fold. One, to assess the prevalence of medical traumatization in outpatients of a gynecologic department; two, to analyze the relationship of medical ...

Modern urban human activities are largely restricted to the indoors, deprived of direct sunlight containing visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths at high irradiance levels. Therapeutic exposure ...

# Ethnic diversity in fertility treatment 2021 Preliminary UK ethnicity statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage, and donation Published: December 2023 [Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx](h...

While interest in sexuality\research is growing, in the past, it has been largely invisible in gerontology. By exploring the full range and dimensions of sexuality and their interrelationships with mu...

RESEARCH Question: Is sequential letrozole/human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) superior to letrozole alone in ovulation induction and pregnancy promotion among infertile women with polycystic ovary s...

Objective: To evaluate overall and subgroup efficacy of an estetrol (E4) 15 mg drospirenone (DRSP) 3 mg oral contraceptive in a 24/4-day regimen. Study Design: We pooled efficacy outcomes from 2 pivo...

In-vitro sperm selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (Physiological ICSI or PICSI) is crucial as it has a direct influence on the paternal contribution of preimplantation embryogenesis. Men w...

Background: Some studies have suggested minor changes in the menstrual cycle after COVID-19 vaccination, but more detailed analyses of the menstrual cycle are needed to evaluate more specific changes ...

Objectives: To summarize the evidence on typical and perfect-use effectiveness of fertility awareness-based methods for avoiding pregnancy during the postpartum period, whether breastfeeding or not. ...

To evaluate variations in micronutrient biomarker concentrations and deficiencies across the menstrual cycle in a cohort of healthy women. This prospective cohort study was conducted among healthy wom...

To the Editors: We are grateful to Dr. Naharci for the interest in our study reporting the association between cognitive decline and bone loss and fracture risk. (1) We agree that bisphosphonates (BPs...

Objective: To establish a system for evaluation of semen quality in fertile men by factor analysis (FA). Methods: The FA method was used to analyze five sperm test indicators for fertile men (sperm p...

A growing body of evidence indicates that dietary polyphenols could be used as an early intervention to treat glucose-insulin (G-I) dysregulation. However, studies report heterogeneous information, an...

Objective: To assess whether editorial desk rejection at general medical journals (without peer review) of two clinical research manuscripts may relate to author gender or women's physiology topics. G...

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the oxygen consumption, lactate concentrations, and energy expenditure using three different intensities during the resistance training sessions. Methods: A total...

# National Patient Survey 2021 Survey of UK fertility patients, 2 November – 7 December 2021 Published: April 2022 The key findings are published on this page with a statistical appendix available for...

Mankato Family Medicine Residency, University of Minnesota, Mankato, MN The corresponding author is Robert D. Jeske; [email protected]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Background: Aside from human papillomavirus (HPV), the role of other risk factors in cervical cancer such as age, education, parity, sexual partners, smoking and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hav...

# State of the fertility sector 2020/21 **Annual publication on HFEA licensed clinics** Published: November 2021 [**Download the underlying dataset as .xlsx**](https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/5czb4k2o/2...

Infrared light (760 nm-1 mm) constitutes approximately 40% of the solar radiation reaching the ground at sea level. Shortest wavelength near-infrared (NIR) photons (NIR or IR-A: 760-1,400 nm) can pene...

Background: Worldwide, oral contraceptive (OC) use is a very common form of birth control, although it has been associated with symptoms of depression and insomnia. Insomnia is a risk factor for major...

PURPOSE: To investigate and propose a new simple tridimensional (3D) ultrasonographic method to diagnose a T-shaped uterus (Class U1a). METHODS: A multicenter non-experimental case-control diagnostic...

Cognitive decline and osteoporosis often coexist and some evidence suggests a causal link. However, there are no data on the longitudinal relationship between cognitive decline, bone loss and fracture...

Background: Media outlets influence social attitudes toward health habits. The analysis of tweets has become a tool for health researchers. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate t...

# Fertility treatment 2019: trends and figures UK statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage, and donation Published: May 2021 Fertility trends is our annual statistical release. The key findings ar...

There is extensive empirical literature on the association between exposure to nature and health. In this narrative review, we discuss the strength of evidence from recent (i.e., the last decade) expe...

Purpose: Herein, our purpose was to calculate the 5-year and lifetime risk of breast cancer and to assess new breast cancer potential contributors among Egyptian women utilizing the modified Gail mode...

Objective: Donor demise after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is well-characterized, but recipient demise is not, nor is neonatal death. This study aims to characterize factors...

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with deposition of amyloid-beta and the increased oxidative stress. High free radical scavenging ability of selenium nanopar...

To determine cervical cancer risk associated with contemporary hormonal contraceptives, we conducted a cohort study of women aged 15 to 49 living in Denmark from 1995 to 2014, using routinely collecte...

Background: In diabetic foot ulceration, a correlation between pressure and skin temperature is suspected. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a more rigorous analysis of existing literatu...

Background: Childbearing women have been using various herbs to assist with pregnancy, labour and birth for centuries. One of the most common is raspberry leaf. The evidence base for the use of raspbe...

Background: Low-level light therapy (LLLT) is a recent addition to the pantheon of light-based therapeutic interventions. The absorption of red/near-infrared light energy, a process termed "photobiomo...

# Multiple births in fertility treatment 2019 UK multiple birth statistics for IVF and DI fertility treatment Published: February 2022 [Download the underlying dataset as Excel Worksheet](https://www....

# Impact of COVID-19 on fertility treatment 2020 UK statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage and donation Published: May 2022 [Download the underlying dataset as Excel Worksheet](https://www.hfea....

Androgenic Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) creates physical/emotional burdens in 4-20% of premenopausal women living with PCOS (WLWP) including: few menstruations per year, subfertility, hirsutism/ac...

Study purposeMorphometric methods categorize potential osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF) on the basis of loss of vertebral height. A particular example is the widely used semiquantitative morphom...

Background: Digital fertility awareness-based methods of birth control are an attractive alternative to hormonal or invasive birth control for modern women. They are also popular among women who may b...

Despite the available research investigating uterine physiology during and immediately following pregnancy, including at the vascular and muscular levels, knowledge of the potential long-term timeline...

This study aims to evaluate the effects of myo-inositol supplementation on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rates and body water distribution in overweight non-obese women. 223 overweight non-obese...

Fracture determinants differ between Canadians of Chinese and White descent, the former constituting the second largest visible minority group in Canada. The results of this study support the importan...

Background An instrument to help clinicians to evaluate the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at-a-glance is lacking.

Existing fracture risk assessment tools are not designed to predict fracture-associated consequences, possibly contributing to the current undermanagement of fragility fractures worldwide. We aimed to...

Sclerostin, a natural hormone made in bone, suppresses bone formation. Sclerostin is also decreased by estrogen. Progesterone, estrogen's menstrual partner, stimulates bone formation. It is unclear wh...

# Fertility treatment 2018: trends and figures **UK statistics for IVF and DI treatment, storage, and donation** Published: 30 June 2020 Fertility trends is our annual statistical release. The key fin...

Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Little is known about environmental factors that may modulate risk in genetically susceptible populations. Persistent organic pollu...

Women living with androgenic PCOS (WLWP) experience unpredictable oligomenorrhea1 and are at increased risk for endometrial cancer2. Oral micronized progesterone (OMP) given cyclically (14 days/cycle ...

Introduction: There has been a phenomenal worldwide increase in the development and use of mobile health applications (mHealth apps) that monitor menstruation and fertility. Critics argue that many of...

Objective: To assess infant (<1 year) and childhood (1-18 years) mortality in singletons conceived through assisted reproductive techniques (ART) versus naturally conceived singletons. Design: Nationw...

Background: Role of Oral Contraceptive (OC) as a risk factor for cervical cancer remained controversial and unclear. Objective: To evaluate risk of cervical cancer in OC users and non-users through a...

It is recognized that the trabecular bone score (TBS) provides skeletal information, and frailty measurement is significantly associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes. Given the subo...

Background: Despite great advances in assisted reproductive technology, poor ovarian response (POR) is still considered as one of the most challenging tasks in reproductive medicine. OBJECTIVE AND Ra...

We examined the underlying relationship between fracture risk factors and their imminent risk. Results suggested that having past year fracture, worse past year general health, worse past year physica...

Background: The National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) has proposed a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease (AD): individuals with both abnormal amyloid and tau biomarkers...

Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown that some hormonal contraceptive methods are associated with increased breast cancer risk, especially if used over long periods. Our objective was to c...

All multicellular organisms host microbial communities in and on their bodies, and these microbiomes can have major influences on host biology. Most research has focussed on the oral, skin, and gut mi...

In 2006-2008, 610 premenopausal, spontaneously menstruating women in the Metro Vancouver region participated in a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)-funded singlecycle in which they collect...

This review is to challenge current concepts of women’s reproduction with its cultural over-emphasis on estrogen and positive actions, while progesterone tends to be ignored or associated with negativ...

BACKGROUND: Global Initiative for Asthma step 5 therapies (GINA-5), other than inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists in fixed dose combinations (ICS/LABA FDC), often entail more expensive...

Salinity is a worldwide, threatening problem affecting socioeconomic status globally. Saline land comprises salt content in soil, plants, and drinking water. Livestock farming is the worthy option for...

Considerable progress has been made in cancer therapeutics recently with targeted strategies that are efficacious and less toxic. Immunotherapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are increasi...

Background: The incidence and survival of breast cancer (BC) vary across countries. This study aimed to determine risk factors for BC and estimate the overall survival rate in BC patients of the Goles...

BACKGROUND: Preconception health may have intergenerational influences. We have formed the PrePARED (Preconception Period Analysis of Risks and Exposures influencing health and Development) research c...

We report the results of a first exploratory study testing the use of vaginal microbiome transplantation (VMT) from healthy donors as a therapeutic alternative for patients suffering from symptomatic,...

Thyroid autoantibodies, specifically thyroid peroxidase antibodies, have been associated with miscarriage and pre-term birth in women with a normal thyroid function. Small randomised controlled trials...

Background: Previous evidence suggests that use of oral contraceptives (OCs), especially during adolescence, may increase women's vulnerability to depression in the short term. Here, we investigate wh...

Bisphosphonates, potent antiresorptive agents, have been found to be associated with mortality reduction. Accelerated bone loss is, in itself, an independent predictor of mortality risk, but the relat...

The use of long hormonal contraceptives can disrupt the balance of estrogen in the body, resulting in abnormal cell changes. This study aimed to determine a correlation between the duration of hormona...

Oral contraceptive (OC) effects on the brain have gained increasing interest, but are highly controversial. Previous studies suggest that OC users have larger hippocampi, parahippocampi, fusiform gyri...

Objectives: The association between caffeine and pregnancy loss remains controversial due to limitations of prior studies such as relying on self-reported intake only, exposure measurement after clini...

Using data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, several risk factors predictive of imminent (2-year) risk of low-trauma non-vertebral fracture among high-risk women were identified, inclu...

Little is known about the association between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and osteoporosis in the absence of fracture, and how HRQOL may change over time. This study provides evidence of su...

Objective: To investigate the rate of sperm DNA fragmentation in male partners of women with recurrent pregnancy loss and fertile control women. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting: N...

Context: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels are used worldwide as a screening tool for the duration of the female reproductive lifespan. Although AMH levels are associated with age at menopause, indi...

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-20% of reproductive-aged women and is associated with lower Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)1,2,3. HRQoL in PCOS, however, is often determined in small...

AIMS: Opioid receptor blockers such as naloxone and naltrexone have been suggested to have a bone mass-increasing effect. However, the mechanisms at play have not been clarified. We examined the effec...

Objective: We aimed to explore whether frailty was associated with fracture risk and whether frailty could modify the propensity of type 2 diabetes toward increased risk of fractures.Research design a...

Purpose: Depression is a prevalent health problem affecting U.S. women. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are commonly used for pregnancy prevention, and evidence is mixed regarding any increased risk f...

Objective: Many women use combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) during adolescence during which they are accruing peak areal bone mineral density (BMD) that relates to lifetime fracture risk. To buil...

In this prospective cohort of 6120 participants aged 50+, nitrogen-bisphosphonates but not non-nitrogen bisphosphonates were associated with a significant 34% mortality risk reduction compared to non-...

Laparoscopic surgery has become an efficient tool for many complex surgical procedures. In last decades, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become a more viable option for removal of adrenal pathology, wi...

Objective: To identify the effects of different dietary inositol stereoisomers on insulin resistance and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women at high risk for this disorder....

Background: Hormonal contraception (HC) is widely used throughout the world and has been associated with venous thrombosis (VT) such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and cerebral VT. Object...

A one-day meeting of physicians, professional nurses, and scientists actively involved in Natural Family Planning (NFP) research was held to review the state of the science of NFP and consider future ...

Background: Caffeine, alcohol, smoking and physical activity are known to alter sex steroid synthesis, which may affect hormone-dependent gynaecologic disease risk, such as endometriosis; however, few...

Naltrexone and naloxone are classical opioid antagonists. In substantially lower than standard doses, they exert different pharmacodynamics. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN), considered in a daily dose of 1 ...

Introduction: The association of suicide with the use of oral contraceptives (OC) is unknown in the Asian population. We aimed to evaluate the association of OC use and suicidal behavior in a national...

OBJECTIVE: To summarize best available prospective data on typical and perfect use effectiveness of fertility awareness-based methods for avoiding pregnancy. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a systematic r...

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a treatment method based on research findings showing that irradiation with certain wavelengths of red or near-infrared light has been shown to produce a range of physiolog...

The purpose of this paper is to review the current clinical uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the field of gynecology. All relevant articles published from January 2000 to December 2017 were revie...

Study Question: Is physical activity (PA) associated with fecundability in women with a history of prior pregnancy loss? Summary Answer: Higher fecundability was related to walking among overweight/o...

Women's hot flushes and night sweats, collectively called vasomotor symptoms (VMS), are maximal (79%) in late perimenopause. The evidence describing whether VMS are associated with loss of areal bone ...

Objectives: To assess combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) use and adolescent women's peak areal bone mineral density (BMD) accrual. Methods: We enrolled 527 randomly selected women across Canada (...

Amenorrhea is important for women's bone health. However, few have reported reproductive, anthropometric (body mass index [BMI], height) and bone health (areal bone mineral density [BMD], prevalent fr...

With advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV are now surviving to experience aging. Evidence suggests that individuals living with HIV are at greater risk for low...

Although maternal nutrition may affect fecundity, associations between preconception micronutrient levels and time to pregnancy (TTP) have not been examined. We assessed the relationship between preco...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of female infertility worldwide and corresponds with a high degree of comorbidities and economic burden. How PCOS is passed on from one generation to...

BACKGROUND: Limited evidences were reported about the risk of pre-pregnancy hair dye use or irregular menstruation with abnormal birth weight during pregnancy, and their joint effects were also unknow...

High usage of progestin-only injectable contraceptives, which include the intramuscular injectables depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM, Depo-Provera) and norethisterone (NET) enanthate (NET-EN ...

Background: Crohn's disease is a transmural, relapsing inflammatory condition afflicting the digestive tract. Opioid signalling, long known to affect secretion and motility in the gut, has been implic...

Reports on clinical uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have dramatically increased in the last decade. Indications for PRP therapy range from muscle and skeletal injuries to hair re-growth. More recen...

Objective: We performed a systematic review to look for an association between progestin-only contraception and depression. Methods: We searched PubMed, Ovid and Web of Science for English-language a...

Problem/condition: Since the first U.S. infant conceived with assisted reproductive technology (ART) was born in 1981, both the use of ART and the number of fertility clinics providing ART services ha...

Objective: To assess systemic inflammation in relation to fecundability and anovulation. Design: Prospective cohort study among participants in the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction tri...

Contemporary hormonal contraception formulations contain lower doses of estrogen, have new synthetic progestin components, and provide novel methods of delivery that have not been studied extensively ...

Concern has been raised over increased male reproductive disorders in the Western world, and the disruption of male endocrinology has been suggested to play a central role. Several studies have shown ...

BACKGROUND: The fertility clinic is an environment in which significant adverse incidents are potentially catastrophic. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) publishes an annual repo...

BACKGROUND: Little is known about whether contemporary hormonal contraception is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. METHODS: We assessed associations between the use of hormonal cont...

The incidence of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity continues to increase. In addition to the well-known contributors to these disorders, such as food intake and sedentary lifestyle,...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the relative risk of suicide attempt and suicide in users of hormonal contraception. Method: The authors assessed associations between hormonal contr...

STUDY Question: Can a consensus and evidence-driven set of terms and definitions be generated to be used globally in order to ensure consistency when reporting on infertility issues and fertility care...

Background and PurposePublished reports indicate that over 100 million women worldwide use the birth control pill (Oral Contraceptives, or OCPs).1,2 However, in a national study conducted by the Batte...

Importance: Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential. Objective: To determine the associations betwee...

We investigated the electronic structure of Lead Oxide (PbO) - one of the most promising photoconductor materials for direct conversion x-ray imaging detectors, using soft x-ray emission and absorptio...

CONTEXT: The Creighton Model FertilityCare(TM) System (CrM) is a standardized approach for educating women about the biomarkers of their fertility. Couples can use this information for timing intercou...

Background: Probiotics may help to prevent symptoms of anxiety and depression through several putative mechanisms. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnos...

Objective: To assess whether progesterone (P4) or osteoblast P4 receptor-acting progestin (P) contributed to estrogen (E) therapy-related increased areal bone mineral density (BMD) in randomized contr...

OBJECTIVES: Curcumin protects the liver against injury and fibrosis through suppressing hepatic inflammation, attenuating hepatic oxidative stress (OS), and inhibiting hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) ac...

We compared two methods for osteoporotic vertebral fracture (VF) assessment on lateral spine radiographs, the Genant semiquantitative (GSQ) technique and a modified algorithm-based qualitative (mABQ) ...

BACKGROUND: Preterm preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal and perinatal death and complications. It is uncertain whether the intake of low-dose aspirin during pregnancy reduces the risk of pr...

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy rates among infertile women have been reported to increase after hysterosalpingography, but it is unclear whether the type of contrast medium used (oil-based or water-soluble con...

Background: Comparisons of population health status using self-report measures such as the SF-36 rest on the assumption that the measured items have a common interpretation across sub-groups. However,...

Objectives: Recent evidence has shown that young adults have poor knowledge about reproductive health and fertility, and that interventions are needed to increase fertility awareness. The aim of this ...

Data on long-term consequences of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures, accounting for approximately two-thirds of all fragility fractures, are scanty. Our study aimed to quantify the population-wid...

Our objective was to describe patterns and predictors of sedentary behavior (sitting time) over 10 years among a large Canadian cohort. Data are from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, a pro...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effects of tomato juice consumption on seminal plasma lycopene levels and sperm parameters in infertile men. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: ...

Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a gray-level texture measure derived from lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images that predicts fractures independent of bone mineral density (BMD). I...

Background/aims: To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed endometriosis (DE) in women in the United States and assess the associated symptomatic burden. Methods: An online, cross-sectional survey of w...

We review the general topic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and our research utilizing transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) to improve cognition in chronic TBI using red/near-infrared (NIR) light-em...

Importance: Millions of women worldwide use hormonal contraception. Despite the clinical evidence of an influence of hormonal contraception on some women's mood, associations between the use of hormon...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly used as a therapeutic intervention for neuropsychiatric illnesses and has demonstrated efficacy for treatment of major depression. H...

Introduction: In recent years there has been an explosion in the development of medical apps, with more than 40,000 apps now available. Nearly 100 apps allow women to track their fertility and menstru...

BACKGROUND: To examine transient environmental exposures and their relationship with human fecundity, exposure assessment should occur optimally at the time of conception in both members of the couple...

Objective: Breast fibroadenoma is a common finding in young women and actually accounts for the majority of benign breast lumps. Fibroadenoma does not require any treatment unless clinical symptoms (m...

Background: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is the most commonly used hormonal contraceptive method in South Africa. It is frequently administered in the immediate postnatal period, yet it is...

Objective Vitamin D is associated with markers of ovarian reserve in women of advanced reproductive age and in vitro studies suggest that vitamin D may influence anti‐mullerian hormone (AMH). Higher v...

The flourishing of the individual human person, the health of human society, and the ecological well being of planet earth are inextricably connected with the issues of human population, sexuality, an...

BACKGROUND: Most cohort-based research for subfertility has been conducted in clinic-based cohorts, which may differ from population-based cohorts. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited parallel coho...

Background: Self-reported health status measures, like the Short Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36), can provide rich information about the overall health of a population and its components, such as p...

STUDY Question: Were spontaneous miscarriages more frequent in women with histologically proven endometriosis when compared with endometriosis-free controls? SUMMARY ANSWER: Endometriosis-affected wo...

Our study supports the hypothesis that there is no physiologic evidence for delaying pregnancy attempt after an early loss.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International (Issn: 2456-9119) is dedicated to publish high quality papers in all areas of pharmaceutical Science including pharmaceutical drugs, community pharmacy...

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of endocrine disturbances in a group of HIV-positive (HIV+) women and to identify factors affecting presence of these disorders. To examine specifically wheth...

Objective: As the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to spread in Africa and Asia, use of the injectable contraceptive steroid DMPA is widespread and has been increasing. Since studies dating back to 1992 ha...

Objective: To evaluate whether myo-inositol supplementation may reduce gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rate in overweight women. Methods: In an open-label, randomized trial, myo-inositol (2 g plu...

Purpose: Main aim was to estimate the association between use of exogenous hormones and breast cancer (BC) risk in a large population-based survey, and to assess the representativeness and overall val...

BACKGROUND: Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. However, whether progesterone supplementation in the first trimester of pregnancy would increase the rate of live births among w...

A personalized treatment strategy formalizes evidence-based treatment selection by mapping patient information to a recommended treatment. Personalized treatment strategies can produce better patient ...

Introduction: Very few studies describe the obstetric and neonatal outcome of spontaneous pregnancies in women with irregular menstrual cycles. However, menstrual cycle irregularities are common and m...

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Hormonal contraceptive use is common practice worldwide. Although the effects of hormone treatments in the pelvic region are well established, there is no clear evidence r...

STUDY Objectives: To compare the intraoperative direct costs of a single-use energy device with reusable energy devices during laparoscopic hysterectomy. Design: A randomized controlled trial (Canadia...

Objective: To evaluate whether myo-inositol supplementation, an insulin sensitizer, reduces the rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and lowers insulin resistance in obese pregnant women. Meth...

Background: Many women throughout the world have history of subfertility (resolved or unresolved), but much remains unknown about services and treatments chosen. Methods: We developed a mixed-mode fe...

Background: Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5...

Background: Traditional environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), were examined as part of the retrospective epidemiologic study...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether in vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic screening (IVF/PGS) is cost effective compared with expectant management in achieving live birth for patients with u...

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been recognized as a significant risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among women with GDM. Th...

Objective: To harmonize standard operating procedures (SOPs) and standardize the recording of associated data for collection, processing, and storage of human tissues relevant to endometriosis. Design...

Objective: To harmonize the collection of nonsurgical clinical and epidemiologic data relevant to endometriosis research, allowing large-scale collaboration. Design: An international collaboration inv...

Objective: To standardize the recording of surgical phenotypic information on endometriosis and related sample collections obtained at laparoscopy, allowing large-scale collaborative research into the...

Context: PTH is an essential regulator of mineral metabolism; PTH hypersecretion may result in hyperparathyroidism including normocalcaemic, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Objective: To e...

OBJECTIVES: This report presents nationally representative estimates and trends for infertility and impaired fecundity-two measures of fertility problems-among women aged 15-44 in the United States. D...

Purpose: To prospectively assess changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) over 10 years, by age and sex, and to compare measured within-person change to estimates of change based on cross-sec...

Purpose: Difficult clinical signs such as confusing cervical mucus or erratic basal body temperature can make the use of fertility awareness methods (FAMs) difficult in some cases. The goal of this st...

Objective: To determine the efficacy of using natural family planning (NFP) methods to avoid unintended pregnancy among women of perimenopause age (i.e., age 40-55 years). Design: A secondary analysis...

Objectives: The "International Active Surveillance Study of Women Taking Oral Contraceptives" investigated the risks of shortand long-term use of an extended 24-day regimen of drospirenone and ethinyl...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability in the recognition of normal sperm and various sperm defects using the strict criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (5th edition, 2010). DESIGN...

Background: Weight gain is often considered a side effect of combination hormonal contraceptives, and many women and clinicians believe that an association exists. Concern about weight gain can limit ...

Several recent studies suggest that obesity may be a risk factor for fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and future fracture risk at differ...

Background: Clinical, animal, and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that cancer is a hormonally mediated disease and several factors that influence hormonal status or are markers of ch...

The intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are essential components of whole body immune defense, protecting the body from foreign antigens and pathogens, while allowing tolerance to ...

Subclinical ovulatory disturbances (anovulation or short luteal phases within normal-length menstrual cycles) indicate lower progesterone-to-estrogen levels. Given that progesterone plays a bone forma...

TSG101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101) is a multi-domain protein known to act in the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and periplasmic membrane. Remarkably, TSG101, whose location within cells varies with the ...

Background: Low-dose aspirin (LDA) has been proposed to improve pregnancy outcomes in couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss. However, results from studies of LDA on pregnancy outcomes have bee...

Purpose: To estimate the risks of ovarian cancer and breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use among women at elevated risk owing to mutations in BRCA1/2 or a strong family history. M...

Purpose: To determine the influence of mutual motivation on unintended pregnancy rates of couples who used natural family planning (NFP) methods to avoid pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN AND Methods: Using an...

Purpose: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have many anticarcinogenic properties via the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Only one study, a cohort study examining risk of all cance...

The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in young women after a first oestrogen contraception associated VTE episode is unknown. This uncertainty has an impact on the decision whether to sto...

Objective: To determine patterns of usage of clomiphene citrate (CC) by primary care providers (obstetrician-gynecologists, family physicians, and other providers) within University of Utah Community ...

CONTEXT: Patients previously treated with desiccated thyroid extract (DTE), when being switched to levothyroxine (L-T₄), occasionally did not feel as well despite adequate dosing based on serum TSH le...

Objective: To evaluate the effect of oral and injectable hormonal contraception on the risk of HIV acquisition among women in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Design: Secondary data analysis of 4913 sexuall...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of an isotonic lubricant used during sperm sample collection on [1] ease of collection and [2] resultant sperm quality. DESIGN: Paired randomized cross-over design....

Objective: To assess in utero exposures and the odds of an endometriosis diagnosis. Design: Matched cohort design. Setting: Fourteen participating clinical centers in geographically defined areas in U...

Objective: Thyroid hormones and progesterone both influence core temperature, metabolism and are crucial during pregnancy. Our objective was to discover whether progesterone therapy caused changes in ...

The Standard Days Method (SDM) is a method of family planning that assumes ovulation to be close to the midpoint of the menstrual cycle; fertility falls between days 8 and 19; and is most effective fo...

BACKGROUND AND Objectives: It has been suggested that taking oral contraceptives (OCs) may increase breast cancer incidence. However, data in this regard are inconsistent. We performed this meta-analy...

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between vasomotor symptoms ([VMS] hot flushes or flashes and night sweats) and markers of cardiovascular risk. Methods: Healthy postm...

Objective: To estimate the interrater and intrarater reliability of endometriosis diagnosis and severity of disease among gynecologic surgeons viewing operative digital images. Methods: The study pop...

Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism, which requires lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy. Currently, no effective therapy is available for CA...

Background: Although several studies have assessed the risk of venous thromboembolism with newer hormonal contraception, few have examined thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction, and results have...

To describe the characteristics of women seeking infertility treatment and the types of fertility treatment sought within a population-based sample. We analyzed data from the cross-sectional Pregnancy...

Background: Population-based administrative data have been used to study osteoporosis-related fracture risk factors and outcomes, but there has been limited research about the validity of these data f...

Background: In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a widely accepted treatment for unexplained infertility (NICE 2004), which affects up to a third of all infertile couples. With estimated live birth rates (...

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare oral micronized progesterone (progesterone) with placebo as therapy for postmenopausal hot flushes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms [VMS]). Methods...

The outcomes of drug treatment for male infertility remain conjectural, with controversial study results. Our pilot study employed a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover methodology with intentio...

A decrease in bone density at the hip or spine has been shown to increase the risk of fracture. A limitation of the bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is that it provides only a measure of a bone ...

Background: Twin studies provide insight into the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We assessed associations between...

Indeed, medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the world's oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to possess antimicrobial property as well as wound-h...

BACKGROUND: Studies indicate that intake of vitamin D in the range from 1,100 to 4,000 IU/d and a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration [25(OH)D] from 60-80 ng/ml may be needed to reduce cancer risk...

Effective medical treatments of infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia (OAT) have yet to be determined. This study considered two major aims: (i) to measure the changes in semen param...

Background: Several studies, including an earlier analysis from the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Oral Contraception Study, have suggested that ever users of oral contraceptives have a...

A new Canadian WHO fracture risk assessment (FRAX®) tool to predict 10-year fracture probability was compared with observed 10-year fracture outcomes in a large Canadian population-based study (CaMos)...

A procedure for creating a simplified version of fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX®) is described. Calibration, fracture prediction, and concordance were compared with the full FRAX tool using two l...

This letter to the editor discusses a review article commenting on the efficacy of contraceptive methods. It takes issue with section focused on natural family planning methods (Billings ovulation met...

OBJECTIVE: To assess physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and practice with respect to four evidence-based natural family planning (NFP) methods: Standard Days, cervical mucus, basal body temperature, a...

Objective: The primary objective of the study was to clarify whether the use of the oral contraceptive 2 mg dienogest/30 microg ethinylestradiol (DNG/EE) is associated with a higher risk of venous thr...

Objective: We address the crucial and challenging task of anticipating the resources needed to recruit eligible participants for research. We provide our analysis of various recruitment strategies and...

Objective: Several randomized trials and observational studies show that the use of hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ex...

Background: Previous research has shown that underlying dietary patterns are related to the risk of many different adverse health outcomes, but the relationship of these underlying patterns to skeleta...

Background: Weight gain is a frequent reason for discontinuing the contraceptive with depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Study Design: This 3-year retrospective cohort study assessed body mass...

BACKGROUND: Oral contraceptives (OCs) are the most commonly used reversible contraceptive method among US women. Although the majority of previous studies have reported no association between OC use d...

Objectives: Normative data for the SF-36 measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) exist for those over 25 years of age, based on data from the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporos...

The Gail model has been used to predict invasive breast cancer risk in women using risk factors of age, age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, a...

The role of environmental factors in the risk for Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), was investigated in a North Island-based New Zealand case-control cohort. A total of 315 CD...

Dynamic latent class models provide a flexible framework for studying biologic processes that evolve over time. Motivated by studies of markers of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, we propose a...

This population-based study of mid-aged Canadians assessed awareness of diagnosis by bone mineral density (BMD) following dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) testing and compared the effects of fee...

Objective: To characterize the demographic correlates of IVF availability and utilization. Design: Demographic analysis of public data. Setting: Each of the 50 states in the United States was used as ...

Objective: To determine if an electronic hormonal fertility monitor aided method (EHFM) of family planning is more effective than a cervical mucus only method (CMM) in helping couples to avoid pregnan...

Background: Video seems advantageous over traditional text as an educational tool in conceptually-based procedures such as laparoscopy. However, this has never been tested directly. Objective: The pu...

Background: The incidence of breast cancer is on the rise in India, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in Indian women. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the association of v...

Objective: To assess whether the risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), because studies of the link between exogenous ho...

OBJECTIVE: To model the cumulative probability of pregnancy among couples with subfertility without a definitive diagnosis, according to different treatment strategies. DESIGN: A beta distribution of...

Introduction: We investigated clinical and pathologic features of breast cancers (BC) in an unselected series of patients diagnosed in a tertiary care hospital serving a diverse population. We focused...

To investigate the effects of treatment with Myo-inositol (an insulin sensitizing drug), on circulating insulin, glucose tolerance, ovulation and serum androgens concentrations in women with the Polyc...

BACKGROUND: To assess the amount of variability in ovarian follicular growth rate and maximum follicular diameter related to different centers, women and cycles of the same women in a multicenter obse...

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CD in Québec and characterize the demographic and health-relat...

Background: Little is known on fracture risk in young women using oral contraceptives. Study Design: Case-control study (64,548 cases, 193,641 controls). Results: Overall, no major association with ...

Objectives: Several environmental and genetic factors have been implicated to date in the development of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to provide a quanti...

Background: Striking geographic variation in the incidence of osteoporotic fracture has been shown in national and international studies. The contributing risk factors for this variation are not fully...

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (677C>T, 1298A>C) cause elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations and have been linked to fatal outcomes after nitrous o...

Objectives: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic disease primarily in women that is of low incidence and unknown etiology and manifests as bladder pain and urinary symp...

Objective: To assess the risk of oral contraceptives on the occurrence of cervical cancer. Material and Method: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Sixty women patients with histologica...

Background: Combined oral contraceptives are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a cause of cervical cancer. As the incidence of cervical cancer increases with age, the pu...

Background: Deviation from normal weight is associated with health risks, but less is known about the association between weight and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We investigated this in the...

Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Stren...

Purpose: Combination therapy with the female hormones estrogen (E) and progestins are very frequently used with approximately 100 million women worldwide taking oral contraceptives (OC). Recent trials...

Background: This study examines contraceptive discontinuation due to method dissatisfaction among women in the United States. Study Design: The study population, drawn from the 2002 National Survey o...

Recent oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with modestly higher breast cancer incidence among younger women, but its impact on survival is unclear. This study examined the relationship between O...

Purpose: An earlier randomized controlled trial of prevention care management (PCM) found significant improvement in breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer-screening rates among women attending Commu...

Background: The initiation of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study in 1996, and subsequent follow-up of the cohort 5 years later, provided longitudinal body mass index (BMI) data for a random s...

Objectives: The study was conducted to compare risks of adverse cardiovascular and other events associated with the use of drospirenone (DRSP)-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) and other OCs. METHO...

Oestrogen therapy is the gold standard treatment for hot flushes/night sweats, but it and oestrogen/progestin are not suitable for all women. MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate) reduces hot flushes, but...

Time to pregnancy, typically defined as the number of menstrual cycles required to achieve a clinical pregnancy, is widely used as a measure of couple fecundity in epidemiologic studies. Time to pregn...

The impact of clinical risk factor-based absolute risk methods on the prevalence of high risk for osteoporotic fracture is unknown. We applied absolute risk methods to 6646 subjects and found that the...

Background: Depression and osteoporotic fractures are common ailments among elderly persons. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently used in the treatment of depression in this ...

Objective: To estimate breast cancer risk associated with short-term (<6 months) oral contraceptive use, and explore variation in estimates by use characteristics and medical, menstrual, and reproduct...

Background: Combined oral contraceptives (COC) and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) are among the most widely used family planning methods; their effect on HIV acquisition is not known. Objec...

No AccessOther Health Study28 Jun 2021Walking the TalkReimagining Primary Health Care After COVID-19Authors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/35842SectionsAboutPDF (22.7 MB) ToolsAd...

Background: Many women using hormonal contraceptives are also at risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection, but data are mixed on whether hormonal contraception increases women's risk of HIV. We inve...

Routine bone mineral densitometry (BMD) screening has been recommended for women aged >or=65 yr (Osteoporosis Canada [OC], International Society for Clinical Densitometry [ISCD], Canadian and United S...

Approaches to measuring fecundity include the assessment of time to pregnancy and day-specific probabilities of conception (daily fecundities) indexed to a day of ovulation. In this paper, we develop ...

Conception, as defined by the fertilisation of an ovum by a sperm, marks the beginning of human development. Currently, a biomarker of conception is not available; as conception occurs shortly after o...

OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of case-control studies that addressed whether prior oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with premenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE...

Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning help women to identify the days of the cycle they should avoid unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Therefore using fertility awareness-ba...

Supplemental vitamin D is available in 2 distinct forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). Pharmacopoeias have officially regarded these 2 forms as equivalent and interchan...

Background: Understanding the effect of oral contraceptives on risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers is important because oral contraceptive use is a common, modifiable practice. ...

Background: Genetics and environmental factors are implicated in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We studied environmental factors in a population-based Swedish-Danish twin cohort usi...

With the collaboration of Italian centres providing services on natural family planning, a prospective study collected data on 2755 menstrual cycles of 193 women. A database was constructed using info...

Background: Limited information exists regarding the natural progression of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the general population, as most research has been cross-sectional or has followed ...

Introduction: Prior studies have suggested that oral contraceptives (OCs) may be associated with an increased fracture risk. However, the previous studies have only performed a limited adjustment for ...

Background: Increased menstrual bleeding and pain are the primary side effects that lead to early removal of the copper intrauterine device (IUD). Ibuprofen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory d...

Family history of breast cancer is an established risk factor for breast cancer. In addition, there is evidence that oral contraceptive use may be associated with a moderate increase in breast cancer ...

The objective of this research was to determine the relative decrement in health-related quality of life, as measured by the health utilities index mark 3 (HUI3), in osteoporosis compared to other chr...

PURPOSE OF Review: Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome are typically anovulatory and require ovulation induction. Ovarian wedge resection was the first treatment for anovulation but was eventually ...

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new method for estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraception (EC) by using information about previous menstrual cycle length, accounting for the variation in the day ...

Progesterone products are available in prescription form as well as over-the-counter (OTC) topical preparations sold for "cosmetic" uses. In a randomized study design, the authors compared the drug ex...

To determine whether lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide (T(L(CO))) alters during menstrual phase and if steroid hormone levels relate to these changes, T(L(CO)) and T(L(CO)) adjusted for both al...

Background: Recent oral contraceptive use has been associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk and a substantial decrease in ovarian cancer risk. The effects on risks for women with germ li...

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of an abstinence-centered sex education program in adolescent pregnancy prevention, the TeenSTAR Program was applied in a high school in Santiago, Chile. Methods: A ...

Objective: This report presents national estimates of contraceptive use and method choice based on the 1982, 1995, and 2002 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG). It also presents data on where wom...

Smoking is widely considered a risk factor for future fracture. The aim of this study was to quantify this risk on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age, sex and...

Introduction: For many years, individual women and doctors have experimented with extending the duration of active oral contraceptive (OC) pills between pill-free intervals (long OC) to control menstr...

The aims of the present study were to determine whether a parental history of any fracture or hip fracture specifically are significant risk factors for future fracture in an international setting, an...

Vitamins D(2) and D(3) are generally considered to be equivalent in humans. Nevertheless, physicians commonly report equivocal responses to seemingly large doses of the only high-dose calciferol (vita...

Utilizing data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos), we examined the association between potential risk factors and incident vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. A total of 5,143 ...

Background: The SF-36 is widely used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but with few longitudinal studies in healthy populations, it is difficult to quantify its natural history. This i...

Previous fracture is a well-documented risk factor for future fracture. The aim of this study was to quantify this risk on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age,...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine therapy in infertile males with oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized ...

Background: Gynaecological laparotomies are associated with considerable adhesion-related burdens; however, few data are available concerning laparoscopic surgery. This study evaluated the epidemiolog...

The relationship between use of corticosteroids and fracture risk was estimated in a meta-analysis of data from seven cohort studies of approximately 42,000 men and women. Current and past use of cort...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effects of aging on the percentage of outwardly healthy couples who are sterile (completely unable to conceive without assisted reproduction) or infertile (unable to conceiv...

Pregnancy achievement rates among couples using the CrMS to target fertile days are analyzed by cycle type, reproductive history, and duration of use, demonstrating the system's capacity to accommodat...

Although there has been growing concern about the effects of environmental exposures on human fertility, standard epidemiologic study designs may not collect sufficient data to identify subtle effects...

The determinants of successful human reproduction and development may act as early as periconceptionally, underscoring the need to capture exposures during these critical windows when assessing potent...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate in the rat in terms of number of ovarian follicles; endometrial thickness; and serum levels of E2, FSH, LH, and T. DESIGN: Contro...

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of intrauterine growth restriction on mortality and morbidity in the Israel cohort of very low birth weight premature infants. METHODS: The study population included...

Background: The likelihood of spontaneous conception in subsequent cycles is important for a balanced management of infertility. Previous studies on time to pregnancy are mostly retrospective and bias...

Purpose: Natural Family Planning (NFP) requires periodic abstinence and partner cooperation to prevent pregnancy. The aim of this study was to learn about the effects of modern NFP methods on marital ...

BACKGROUND: Women who have had a spontaneous preterm delivery are at greatly increased risk for preterm delivery in subsequent pregnancies. The results of several small trials have suggested that 17 a...

A study was conducted to determine the accuracy and reliability of the Home Ovarian Monitor for measuring estrone glucuronide (E1G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) during ovulatory cycles as a mean...

Treatment for infertility using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is highly successful and has been used to help a steadily growing number of couples worldwide. In 1999, in the United States, m...

OBJECTIVE: To confirm that hCG levels in follicular fluid and serum would be comparable between i.m. and s.c. administration of purified hCG. DESIGN: In a prospective study, serum and follicular flui...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of embryos stored at assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics in the United States and their current disposition. DESIGN: A targeted survey instrument sent by...

A discrepancy exists between the interest in modern methods of natural family planning (NFP) and their actual use in developed countries. To explore reasons for this discrepancy, we analyzed data from...

This cross-sectional cohort study of 5566 women and 2187 men 50 years of age and older in the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study was conducted to determine whether reported past ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of prophylactic vaginal progesterone in decreasing preterm birth rate in a high-risk population. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, double-bli...

Objective: To determine the efficacy of L-carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility. Design: Placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Setting: University tertiary referr...

Background: Hormonal contraceptives have been associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition. Methods: The association between hormonal contraception use and HIV acquisition was assessed in a rura...

OBJECTIVE: To review the effectiveness of metformin in restoring regular menstrual cycles and ovulation and achieving pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Systematic revi...

Background: Exercise programs improve balance, strength and agility in elderly people and thus may prevent falls. However, specific exercise programs that might be widely used in the community and tha...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of low-dose aspirin alone versus low-dose aspirin plus low molecular weight heparin in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent miscarriage as pro...

This multicenter study has produced a database of 7017 menstrual cycles contributed by 881 women. It provides improved knowledge on length and location of the "fertile window" (identified as of up to ...

Objective: To assess risk factors associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the Mexican population. MATERIAL AND Methods: A case-control study was conducted on June 1996, at the Reumathol...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cumulative conception rate and live birth rate in women undergoing IVF and to assess the influence of prognostic factors on cumulative conception rate and discontinuation of ...

This review examines the role of patient predictors of outcome in cognitive therapy of depression. Studies that meet eligibility criteria are reviewed for demonstrated linkage between various predicto...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the IVF outcome for patients with endometriosis. DESIGN: Meta-analysis. SETTING: Academic research center. PATIENT(S): A MEDLINE search and review of the literature were p...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and factor structure of the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE) in premenstrual syndrome (PMS) patients. STUDY DESIGN: Healthy women diagnosed with PMS (N...

Background: Canadian normative data for the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form (SF-36) have recently been published. However, there is evidence from other countries to suggest that regional var...

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of oral contraceptives (OCs) on the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in young women. A 5-year case-control study including all Danish hospit...

BACKGROUND: Women who are positive for thyroid antibodies in early gestation are prone to post-partum depression, apparently independent of thyroid dysfunction, as measured by serum levels of free thy...

Background: Use of oral contraceptives could increase risk of cervical cancer; however the effect of human papillomavirus (HPV), the main cause of cervical cancer, is not usually taken into account. W...

A new contraceptive technology may advance the science of family planning but may do little to affect health if potential users do not deem it an acceptable method. The authors conducted an acceptabil...

Purpose: Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, in breast cancer survivors are often worsened by chemotherapy and tamoxifen, and/or the discontinuation of hormone replacement therap...

OBJECTIVE: To identify and test the predictive power of potential independent risk factors of postpartum depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the perinatal period. METHODS: We conducted a case-co...

Focus group research was conducted in four countries to understand how couples who use calendar methods determine when they are at risk of pregnancy, what behavior they adopt during the fertile phase,...

OBJECTIVE: To review validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). METHOD: A systematic search was performed in Medline and the Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI) from the...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Its cardinal features are hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and infertility. Some of the most important ...

Health-related quality of life (HRQL) was examined in relation to prevalent fractures in 4816 community-dwelling Canadian men and women 50 years and older participating in the Canadian Multicentre Ost...

Previous animal research suggests that progesterone may have powerful neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This experiment tested the hypothesis that progesterone levels correlate ...

And his daughter‐in‐law, the wife of Phinehas, was pregnant near to giving birth, and got to hear the report that the ark of the true God was captured and that her father‐in‐law and her husband had di...

OBJECTIVE: To examine prenatal, maternal, and infant outcomes and costs through 1 year after delivery using a model of prenatal care for women at high risk of delivering low-birth-weight infants in wh...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine survival, morbidity, and resource use in a large cohort of extremely preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: We examined all (n = 754) neonatal intensive ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of i.m. P and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-HPC) for luteal phase support, in patients undergoing IVF-ET cycles. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized stu...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between prematurity and birth defects. STUDY DESIGN: In a population-based cohort study, infants with birth defects were ascertained through the Metropolita...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rates of ovulation and pregnancy after tamoxifen citrate (TMX) or clomiphene citrate (CC) among anovulatory women with infertility. DESIGN: Prospective randomized trial. SE...

OBJECTIVE: To compare subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) hCG administration and their association with body mass index (BMI) in women undergoing IVF-ET using hMG and ICSI. DESIGN: Prospective, ...

This paper considers the concept of consumer acceptance of medical products and its importance to successful healthcare provision. The critical dimensions ('domains') of acceptance for a product desig...

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces the rate of aging and increases life span in all small animal species studied to date, but the effects of CR in humans remain uncertain. This review summarizes current...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin treatment increases the ovulation and pregnancy rates in response to clomiphene citrate (CC) in women who are resistant to CC alone. DESIGN: Randomized, doub...

Regularly menstruating women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological and endothelial function studies attribute this protection to estradiol (E(2)), but both progesterone...

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and related regulations (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) give FDA staff the legal authority and responsibility to review the safety and effectiveness of drugs and biolo...

OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the effects of estrogen/transvaginal progesterone gel with estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women w...

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are increasingly being used as first-line therapy for severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS). We undertook a meta-analysis on the efficacy of SS...

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest a protective effect of estrogens on the development and progression of MS. Methods: We assessed whether MS incidence was associated with oral contra...

The Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study is a large population-based prospective study of osteoporosis in the Canadian population. The study involves 9424 subjects, both male and female, from nine ...

BACKGROUND: Heart disease is a major cause of illness and death in women. To understand better the role of estrogen in the treatment and prevention of heart disease, more information is needed about i...

Background: The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form (SF-36) is a widely used measure of health-related quality of life. Normative data are the key to determining whether a group or an individual...

CONTEXT: The World Health Organization defines preterm birth as birth at less than 37 completed gestational weeks, but most studies have focused on very preterm infants (birth at <32 weeks) because of...

In a national case-control study of fatal pulmonary embolism in New Zealand women of childbearing age, we estimated that current users of combined oral contraceptives had a relative risk of 9.6 (95% C...

Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in natural family planning methods. The biological basis for the application of natural family planning methods is the recognition of ovulation and, more exte...

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that human myometrium contains receptors for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and that hCG can inhibit myometrial contractions in vitro. Objective: To...

Background: Pelvic adhesions can be the result of inflamation, endometriosis or surgical trauma. Prevention of postoperative adhesions (either new or reoccurance) has been postulated by using barriers...

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to provide a detailed description of patterns of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was performed with 160 women who provided daily recordi...

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) can provide prognostic information about the risk of developing atherosclerotic complications in apparently healthy patients. This new clinical application require...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intravaginal and intrarectal plus oral indomethacin for the treatment of preterm labor. METHODS: Between December 1996 and November 1998, 46 eligible gravidas ad...

OBJECTIVE: We compared nifedipine and ritodrine for treatment of preterm labor with respect to neonatal outcome. METHODS: We conducted an open randomized multicenter study of neonatal outcome in 185 ...

Background: Of the few exercise intervention studies focusing on pediatric populations, none have confined the intervention to the scheduled physical education curriculum. Objective: To examine the e...

BACKGROUND: Prospective studies have shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) can be used to predict risk of future cardiovascular events. High-sensitivity methods for CRP (hs-CRP) measurement are needed f...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the total costs of infertility coverage, determine the proportion of healthcare costs related to infertility, compare infertility costs to those of other diseases, and calculate a...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of any tocolytic compared with a placebo or no tocolytic for preterm labor. DATA SOURCES: We checked MEDLINE (1966-1998) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Reg...

Doctors love conventions. They have them in exotic places and they frequently use them to defend what would otherwise be inexplicable calculations. Thus 38 weeks of true gestation is, of course, 40 we...

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the effect of antepartum and intrapartum antibiotic use on antimicrobial-resistant neonatal sepsis. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed perinatal outcomes for 8474 pregnancies ...

Infant mortality has decreased nationwide; however, our national rates still log behind those of other industrialized countries, especially the rates for minority groups. This study evaluates the effe...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pregnancy probabilities during use of the Creighton Model Fertility Care System (CrMS). DESIGN: Couples who began use of the CrMS were entered into this observational cohort st...

Context: The incidence of unintended pregnancy has long been used as a primary indicator of the state of reproductive health. However, the definition--and therefore the measurement--of this indicator ...

DESIGN OF THE PROJECT: This study is the result of a detailed examination of numerous historical documents as well as several contemporary works describing endometriosis. The historic texts are housed...

Previous discussions have indicated that the small increases of risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with newer combined oral contraceptives (third generation, containing desogestrel and ge...

In October 1995 the Committee on Safety of Medicines advised UK doctors and pharmacists that oral contraceptives containing desogestrel and gestodene were associated with double the risk of venous thr...

This meta-analysis was intended to evaluate differences in pregnancy rates after in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in tubal fertility with and without hydrosalpinx. It examined nine published retrospective...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an oxidized, regenerated, cellulose adhesion barrier (Interceed TC7) in the reduction of pelvic adhesions. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical studies published o...

OBJECTIVE: To review the physiology, pathology, and treatment of proximal tubal disease. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Relevant reports on the pathophysiology of proximal tubal disease were reviewed. All stud...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible linkage between the use of fertility drugs for infertility and the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. DESIGN: Long-term, historic-prospective study. SETTING: Fe...

Background: Epidemiological studies indicate a protective effect of postmenopausal oestrogen therapy on the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Whether premenopausal oestrogen exposure in the form of oral...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of oral micronized progesterone compared with IM progesterone in oil for luteal support in patients undergoing IVF who are treated with a GnRH agonist. DESIGN: Ran...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the timing of administration of clomiphene citrate (CC) affects hormone levels, follicular recruitment, reproductive end organs, and pregnancy rates. DESIGN: Prospec...

A variety of embryo-based technologies used in farm animal reproduction, including embryo culture, nuclear transfer, embryo-somatic cell co-culture and asynchronous embryo transfer can lead to the pro...

OBJECTIVE: To characterize how the menstrual cycle pattern relates to fertility regardless of potential biases caused by inappropriate coital timing during the menstrual cycle or early embryonal loss....

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether IVF or a standard infertility treatment algorithm results in better outcome and/or lower cost when used as first-line therapy for couples with infertility. DESIGN: Pro...

Background: The magnitude of the relative risk of venous thrombosis caused by low-dose oral contraceptive use is still debated because previous studies might have been affected by diagnostic suspicion...

Objective: To examine the risk of multiple sclerosis in users of combined oral contraceptives. Design: Cohort study conducted between 1968 and 1996 using diagnostic data supplied by general practition...

Relatively little is known about the factors in Canada which lead to osteoporosis and its concomitant fractures. The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) is a prospective cohort study which...

OBJECTIVE: The study was conducted to identify medical, obstetrical and social risk factors associated with early preterm births (<32+0 gestational weeks). STUDY DESIGN: The Statewide Perinatal Surve...

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT, estrogen plus progestagen) in postmenopausal women has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, effects on blood pressure, determined with office mea...

CONTEXT: Observational studies have found lower rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women who take estrogen than in women who do not, but this potential benefit has not been confir...

OBJECTIVE: To project the number of infertile women aged 15-44 every 5 years from 2000 to 2025. DESIGN: Data are used from Cycle 5 of the National Survey of Family Growth conducted by the National Ce...